Genes for Niemann-Pick type C disease

ABSTRACT

A gene for type C Niemann-Pick disease (NP-C) is disclosed, along with the amino acid sequence of the encoded peptide. Applications which are made possible by the present invention include detection of NP-C carriers and diagnosis of NP-C sufferers. The murine ortholog of the human gene is also disclosed.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0001] This invention relates to nucleic acid sequences corresponding to the human gene for type C Niemann-Pick disease. The sequences are useful, among other applications, for the diagnosis of this disease. Also provided is the mouse homolog of this human gene.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0002] Niemann-Pick disease is the name given to a class of inherited lipid storage diseases. Four types of the disease are recognized, Types A, B, C and D. Niemann-Pick disease type C (NP-C) is an autosomal recessive neurovisceral lipid storage disorder which leads to systemic and neurological abnormalities (Brady et al., 1989). Clinical features of the disease include variable hepatosplenomegaly, vertical supra-nuclear ophthalmoplegia, progressive ataxia, dystonia and dementia (Pentchev et al., 1989). Cataplexy and seizures may occur later in the course of the illness. NP-C is characterized by phenotypic variability, with onset ranging from birth to early adulthood (Fink et al., 1989). Type C Niemann-Pick disease differs from types A and B in that the latter two forms are lipidoses resulting from a lesion in the sphingomyelinase gene located on chromosome 11 (Pereira et al, 1991). In contrast, the underlying genetic defect of NP-C remains unknown. Type D Niemann-Pick disease (also known as the Nova Scotia variant) is allelic to type C and occurs in descendents of western Nova Scotians.

[0003] The biochemical hallmark of NP-C cells is the abnormal accumulation of unesterified cholesterol in lysosomes, which results in delayed homeostatic regulation of both uptake and esterification of low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (Sokol et al., 1988; Blanchette-Mackie et al., 1988; Pentchev et al, 1994; Pentchev et al., 1987). Accumulation of lysosomal cholesterol in the cells of NP-C sufferers can be detected cytochemically by the cholesterol-specific fluorescent dye, filipin. Normally, endocytosed LDL-derived cholesterol is mobilized from lysosomes to the endoplasmic reticulum for esterification. As a result, there is little free cholesterol accumulation in lysosomes detectable by filipin staining in normal cells. In contrast, in NP-C cells the lysosomal accumulation of the endocytosed LDL-derived free cholesterol results in a specific perinuclear filipin-staining pattern. Biochemically, the NP-C phenotype can most conviently be monitored by LDL-induced cholesterol ester synthesis. Cholesterol ester synthesis is markedly stimulated by LDL in normal cells, but not in NP-C cells.

[0004] Two independent murine models having autosomal recessive lysosomal storage defects have been described (Morris et al., 1982; Miyawaki et al., 1982, Sakiyama et al, 1982). The pathological features of these murine mutants are similar to human NP-C (Higashi et al., 1991; Ohno et al., 1992), but, to date, the genetic defect in these mouse lines remains uncharacterized.

[0005] If the gene underlying NP-C could be isolated, it could facilitate the detection, diagnosis, and perhaps treatment of the disease. It is the objective of this invention to provide a human cDNA corresponding to the gene for NP-C, as well as the cDNA underlying the NP-C murine models.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0006] The present invention provides, for the first time, an isolated human nucleic acid molecule which is able to correct the cellular defect characteristic of Niemann-Pick type C disease. It is shown that NP-C patients carry mutations in the genomic copies of this nucleic acid. Orthologs of the disclosed nucleic acid molecule from other species are also provided.

[0007] More specifically, the invention provides an isolated human cDNA, herein referred to as the human NPC1 cDNA which, when transiently expressed in human cells derived from NP-C patients, is able to correct the abnormal lysosomal cholesterol accumulation that is characteristic of such cells. Also provided by this invention is the nucleotide sequence of this human cDNA molecule, as well as the nucleotide sequences of corresponding cDNAs from mouse, yeast and the worm C. elegans. The amino acid sequences of the proteins encoded by these cDNAs are also provided.

[0008] Having provided the nucleotide sequence of the human NPC1 cDNA (as well as the murine ortholog), correspondingly provided are the complementary DNA strands of these cDNA molecules and DNA molecules which hybridize under stringent conditions to these cDNA molecules or their complementary strands Such hybridizing molecules include DNA molecules differing only by minor sequence changes, including nucleotide substitutions, deletions and additions. Also comprehended by this invention are isolated oligonucleotides comprising at least a segment of the disclosed cDNA molecules or the complementary strands of these molecules, such as oligonucleotides which may be employed as DNA hybridization probes or DNA primers useful in the polymerase chain reaction. Hybridizing DNA molecules and variants on the NPC1 cDNAs may readily be created by standard molecular biology techniques.

[0009] Through the manipulation of the nucleotide sequences provided by this invention by standard molecular biology techniques, variants of the NPC1 proteins may be made which differ in precise amino acid sequence from the disclosed proteins yet which maintain the basic functional characteristics of the disclosed NPC1 proteins or which are selected to differ in some characteristics from these proteins. Such variants are another aspect of the present invention.

[0010] Also provided by the present invention are recombinant DNA vectors comprising the disclosed DNA molecules, and transgenic host cells containing such recombinant vectors.

[0011] Having provided the isolated human NPC1 cDNA sequence and the orthologous murine cDNA, also comprehended by this invention are the genomic genes from which these cDNAs are derived.

[0012] The present invention also provides methods for using the disclosed cDNAs, the corresponding genomic gene and derivatives thereof, and of the protein, and derivatives thereof, in aspects of diagnosis of NP-C and detection of NP-C carriers. One particular embodiment of the present invention is a method for screening a subject to determine if said subject carries a mutant NPC1 gene. The method comprises detecting the presence of nucleotide differences between the sequence of the subject's NPC1 gene ORF compared to the NPC1 cDNA sequence disclosed herein, and determining whether any such sequence differences will result in the expression of an aberrant NPC1 gene product in the subject. The step of detecting nucleic acid sequence differences may be performed using several techniques including: hybridization with oligonucleotides (including, for example, the use of high-density oligonucleotide arrays); PCR amplification of the NPC1 gene or a part thereof using oligonucleotide primers; RT-PCR amplification of the NPC1 RNA or a part thereof using oligonucleotide primers, and direct sequencing of the NPC1 gene of the subject's genome using oligonucleotide primers.

[0013] The disclosed sequences will also be useful in the creation and study of mutants in the NPC1 locus, which in turn may yield valuable information about the biochemical pathways underlying the disease, as well as information about cholesterol metabolism.

[0014] A further aspect to the present invention is a preparation comprising specific binding agents, such as antibodies, that specifically detect the NPC1 protein. Such specific binding agents may be used in methods for screening a subject to assay for the presence of a mutant NPC1 gene. One exemplary method comprises providing a biological sample of the subject which sample contains cellular proteins and providing an immunoassay for quantitating the level of NPC1 protein in the biological sample.

[0015] The foregoing and other features and advantages of the invention will become more apparent from the following detailed description and accompanying drawings. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the utility of this invention is not limited to the specific experimental modes and materials described herein.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0016]FIG. 1 shows, schematically, the cloning of the hNPC1 cDNA (i) The 1 cM genetic interval, covering a physical distance of ˜1500 Kb, is defined by microsatellite markers D18S44 and D18S1388. It is represented schematically by equally spaced loci and not drawn to scale. (ii) Complementation with YAC 911_D_(—)5 (hatched) refined the interval to a region between D18S1382 and D18S1388. BACs were assembled across the NPC interval and used to generate genomic sub-clones for exon trapping. (iii) Of the resultant trapped inserts, 4 of the verified exons, A88, A92, E49, and C59 mapped to NPC1. (iv) The 4673 bp cDNA is represented by an ORF of 3834 bp, and a 713 bp 3′ UTR.

[0017]FIG. 2 is a schematic representation of comparisons between orthologs from NPC1, PTC, HMG-CoA and SCAP proteins. NPC1 sequences are from mouse (mNPC1), human (hNPC1), C. elegans (FO2E8p; Genbank #U53340), S cerevisiae (Lpal 1p; Genbank #U33335); Patched sequences are from human PTC (Genbank #U59464), mouse PTC (Genbank #U46155), zebrafish PTC (Genbank #X98883), fruitfly PTC (Genbank #M28999), HMG-CoA sequences are from human HMG-CoA (Genbank #M11058), Chinese hamster HMG-CoA (Genbank #L00183), S cerevisiae HMG-CoA (Genbank #M22002); and SCAP sequence from Chinese hamster (SCAP; Genbank #U67060). Blocks of homologies were identified using MACAW. Pairwise comparisons in relation to mNPC1 using entire protein sequences (values shown in the rightmost column) or within domains (as indicated over the shapes designating each domain) were performed using GCG software package. Transmembrane homologies are relative to the twelve putative transmembrane domains of human PTC.

[0018]FIG. 3 is a schematic comparison of the NPC domain in the orthologous sequences from human, mouse, yeast and C. elegans. Identical residues in at least 2 of the 4 sequences are highlighted in black. Similar residues are shaded in gray. The NPC domain represents region of high sequence conservation in addition to the transmembrane domains and sterol-sensing domains. No structural or motif similarity in the database has been attributed to this region. Conserved cysteines arc indicated by asterisks.

SEQUENCE LISTING

[0019] The sequence listing appended hereto includes 8 sequences, as follows:

[0020] Seq. I.D. No. 1 shows the nucleotide sequence of the human NPC1 cDNA.

[0021] Seq. I.D. No. 2 shows the amino acid sequence of the human NPC1 peptide.

[0022] Seq. I.D. No. 3 shows the nucleotide sequence of the murine NPC1 cDNA.

[0023] Seq. I.D. No. 4 shows the amino acid sequence of the murine NPC1 peptide.

[0024] Seq. I.D. No. 5 shows the nucleotide sequence of the yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) NPC1 ortholog.

[0025] Seq. I.D No 6 shows the amino acid sequence of the S. cerevisiae NPC1 ortholog peptide

[0026] Seq. I.D. No. 7 shows the nucleotide sequence of the Caenorhabditis elegans genomic NPC1 ortholog.

[0027] Seq. I.D. No 8 shows the nucleotide sequence of the putative cDNA corresponding to the Caenorhabditis elegans NPC1 ortholog.

[0028] Seq. I.D. No. 9 shows the amino acid sequence of the C elegans NPC1 ortholog peptide

[0029] Seq. I.D. Nos. 10 and 11 show primers that may be used to amplify the ORF of the human NPC1 cDNA

[0030] Seq. I.D. Nos. 12 and 13 show primers that may be used to amplify the ORF of the murine NPC1 cDNA.

[0031] Definitions

[0032] In order to facilitate review of the various embodiments of the invention, the following definitions of terms and explanations of abbreviations are provided:

[0033] NP-C: Niemann-Pick type C disease.

[0034] NPC1 gene: A gene, the mutant forms of which are associated with Neimann-Pick type C disease. Herein, the human and murine, NPC1 genes are primarily discussed. For convenience, the human gene is referred to as hNPC1 and the murine gene as mNPC1 (this same nomenclature is also used to distinguish between the human and murine cDNAs and proteins). Where no “h” or “m” designation is given, reference to the NPC1 gene generally is intended, i.e., not limited to any particular species (orthologous sequences from yeast and C elegans are also presented herein). The definition of an NPC1 gene includes the various sequence polymorphisms that exist in the species in question.

[0035] NPC1 cDNA: The NPC1 cDNA is functionally defined as a cDNA molecule which, when transfected into NP-C cells (such that the NPC1 protein encoded by the cDNA is expressed), is able to restore the normal phenotype by correcting the abnormal accumulation of LDL-derived cholesterol in the lysosomes. This may conveniently be determined cytochemically by the filipin staining assay or biochemically by the LDL-induced cholesterol ester synthesis assay, both of which are described in detail below. The NPC1 cDNA is derived by reverse transcription from the mRNA encoded by the NPC1 gene and lacks internal non-coding segments and transcription regulatory sequences found in the NPC1 gene.

[0036] NPC1 protein: the protein encoded by an NPC1 gene or cDNA. This protein may be functionally characterized by its ability, when expressed in NP-C cells, to correct the lysosomal cholesterol accumulation phenotype that is characteristic of such cells. Thus, “NPC1 protein biological activity” refers to the ability of a protein to correct the lysosomal cholesterol accumulation phenotype that is characteristic of NP-C cells.

[0037] NP-C sufferer or NP-C homozygote: a person who carries a mutant NPC1 gene on each copy of chromosome 18, such that the person exhibits clinical symptoms of Niemann-Pick type C disease.

[0038] NP-C carrier or NP-C heterozygote: a person who does not exhibit clinical symptoms of NP-C but who carries one mutant form of the NPC1 gene and may transmit this mutant gene to progeny.

[0039] Mutant NPC1 gene: a form of the NPC1 gene that does not encode a functional NPC1 protein and which is associated with Niemann-Pick type C disease. Functionally, transfection of a mutant NPC1 gene or cDNA into NP-C cells does not correct the aberrant cholesterol accumulation phenotype of such cells.

[0040] Isolated: An “isolated” nucleic acid has been substantially separated or purified away from other nucleic acid sequences in the cell of the organism in which the nucleic acid naturally occurs, i.e., other chromosomal and extrachromosomal DNA and RNA. The term “isolated” thus encompasses nucleic acids purified by standard nucleic acid purification methods. The term also embraces nucleic acids prepared by recombinant expression in a host cell as well as chemically synthesized nucleic acids.

[0041] cDNA (complementary DNA): a piece of DNA lacking internal, non-coding segments (introns) and regulatory sequences which determine transcription. cDNA is synthesized in the laboratory by reverse transcription from messenger RNA extracted from cells

[0042] ORF (open reading frame): a series of nucleotide triplets (codons) coding for amino acids without any termination codons. These sequences are usually translatable into a peptide.

[0043] Ortholog: two nucleotide sequences are orthologs of each other if they share a common ancestral sequence and diverged when a species carrying that ancestral sequence split into two species Ortholgous sequences are also homologous sequences.

[0044] Probes and primers Nucleic acid probes and primers may readily be prepared based on the nucleic acids provided by this invention A probe comprises an isolated nucleic acid attached to a detectable label or reporter molecule. Typical labels include radioactive isotopes, ligands, chemiluminescent agents, and enzymes. Methods for labeling and guidance in the choice of labels appropriate for various purposes are discussed, e.g., in Sambrook et al (1989) and Ausubel et al. (1987).

[0045] Primers are short nucleic acids, preferably DNA oligonucleotides 15 nucleotides or more in length. Primers may be annealed to a complementary target DNA strand by nucleic acid hybridization to form a hybrid between the primer and the target DNA strand, and then extended along the target DNA strand by a DNA polymerase enzyme. Primer pairs can be used for amplification of a nucleic acid sequence, e.g., by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or other nucleic-acid amplification methods known in the art.

[0046] Methods for preparing and using probes and primers are described, for example, in Sambrook et al. (1989), Ausubel et al. (1987), and Innis et al., (1990). PCR primer pairs can be derived from a known sequence, for example, by using computer programs intended for that purpose such as Primer (Version 0.5,© 1991, Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Mass.). One of skill in the art will appreciate that the specificity of a particular probe or primer increases with its length. Thus, for example, a primer comprising 20 consecutive nucleotides of the human NPC1 cDNA or gene will anneal to a target sequence such as an NPC1 gene homolog from rat contained within a genomic rat genomic DNA library with a higher specificity than a corresponding primer of only 15 nucleotides Thus, in order to obtain greater specificity, probes and primers may be selected that comprise 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 50 or more consecutive nucleotides of the NPC1 cDNA or gene sequences.

[0047] The invention thus includes isolated nucleic acid molecules that comprise specified lengths of the disclosed NPC1 cDNA or gene sequences. Such molecules may comprise at least 20, 25, 30, 35, 40 or 50 consecutive nucleotides of these sequences and may be obtained from any region of the disclosed sequences. By way of example, the mouse and human cDNA and gene sequences may be apportioned into halves or quarters based on sequence length, and the isolated nucleic acid molecules may be derived from the first or second halves of the molecules, or any of the four quarters The mouse cDNA, shown in Seq. I.D. No. 3 may be used to illustrate this. The mouse cDNA is 5029 nucleotides in length and so may be hypothetically divided into halves (nucleotides 1-2515 and 2516-5029) or quarters (nucleotides 1-1257, 1258-2515, 2516-3773 and 3774-5029). Nucleic acid molecules may be selected that comprise at least 20, 25, 30, 35, 40 or 50 consecutive nucleotides of any of these portions of the mouse cDNA. Thus, one such nucleic acid molecule might comprise at least 25 consecutive nucleotides of the region comprising nucleotides 1-1257 of the disclosed moue cDNA. Similarly, the human cDNA shown in Seq. I.D. No. 1 may be divided into halves (nucleotides 1-2275 and 2276-4550) or quarters (nucleotides 1-1137, 1138-2275, 2276-3413 and 3414-4550) and nucleic acid molecules comprising specified lengths of consecutive nucleotides may be selected from any one of these regions.

[0048] Vector: A nucleic acid molecule as introduced into a host cell, thereby producing a transformed host cell A vector may include nucleic acid sequences that permit it to replicate in the host cell, such as an origin of replication. A vector may also include one or more selectable marker genes and other genetic elements known in the art.

[0049] Transformed: A transformed cell is a cell into which has been introduced a nucleic acid molecule by molecular biology techniques. As used herein, the term transformation encompasses all techniques by which a nucleic acid molecule might be introduced into such a cell, including transfection with viral vectors, transformation with plasmid vectors, and introduction of naked DNA by electroporation, lipofection, and particle gun acceleration.

[0050] Purified: the term purified does not require absolute purity; rather, it is intended as a relative term. Thus, for example, a purified NPC1 protein preparation is one in which the NPC1 protein is more pure than the protein in its natural environment within a cell. Preferably, a preparation of an NPC1 protein is purified such that the NPC1 protein represents at least 50% of the total protein content of the preparation.

[0051] Operably linked: A first nucleic acid sequence is operably linked with a second nucleic acid sequence when the first nucleic acid sequence is placed in a functional relationship with the second nucleic acid sequence. For instance, a promoter is operably linked to a coding sequence if the promoter affects the transcription or expression of the coding sequence. Generally, operably linked DNA sequences are contiguous and, where necessary to join two protein coding regions, in the same reading frame.

[0052] Recombinant: A recombinant nucleic acid is one that has a sequence that is not naturally occurring or has a sequence that is made by an artificial combination of two otherwise separated segments of sequence. This artificial combination is often accomplished by chemical synthesis or, more commonly, by the artificial manipulation of isolated segments of nucleic acids, e.g., by genetic engineering techniques.

[0053] Sequence identity: the similarity between two nucleic acid sequences, or two amino acid sequences is expressed in terms of the similarity between the sequences, otherwise referred to as sequence identity. Sequence identity is frequently measured in terms of percentage identity (or similarity or homlogy); the higher the percentage, the more similar the two sequences are. Homologs of the human and mouse NCP1 proteins will possess a relatively high degree of sequence identity when aligned using standard methods.

[0054] Methods of alignment of sequences for comparison are well-known in the art. Various programs and alignment algorithms are described in: Smith and Waterman (1981); Needleman and Wunsch (1970); Pearson and Lipman (1988); Higgins and Sharp (1988); Higgins and Sharp (1989), Corpet et al. (1988); Huang et al. (1992); and Pearson et al. (1994). Altschul et al. (1994) presents a detailed consideration of sequence alignment methods and homology calculations.

[0055] The NCBI Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) (Altschul et al., 1990) is available from several sources, including the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NBCI, Bethesda, Md.) and on the Internet, for use in connection with the sequence analysis programs blastp, blastn, blastx, tblastn and tblastx. It can be accessed at htp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih gov/BLAST/. A description of how to determine sequence identity using this program is available at http://www.ncbi nlm.nih.gov/BLAST/blast help.html.

[0056] Homologs of the disclosed NCP1 proteins are typically characterized by possession of at least 70% sequence identity counted over the full length alignment with the disclosed amino acid sequence of either the human or mouse NPC1 amino acid sequences using the NCBI Blast 2.0, gapped blastp set to default parameters. Proteins with even greater similarity to the reference sequences will show increasing percentage identities when assessed by this method, such as at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 90% or at least 95% sequence identity. When less than the entire sequence is being compared for sequence identity, homologs will typically possess at least 75% sequence identity over short windows of 10-20 amino acids, and may possess sequence identities of at least 85% or at least 90% or 95% depending on their similarity to the reference sequence. Methods for determining sequence identity over such short windows are described at http;//www.ncbi nlm.nih gov/BLAST/blast FAOs html. One of skill in the art will appreciate that these sequence identity ranges are provided for guidance only; it is entirely possible that strongly significant homologs could be obtained that fall outside of the ranges provided. The present invention provides not only the peptide homologs are described above, but also nucleic acid molecules that encode such homologs.

[0057] One indication that two nucleic acid sequences are substantially identical is that the polypeptide which the first nucleic acid encodes is immunologically cross reactive with the polypeptide encoded by the second nucleic acid.

[0058] Another indication that two nucleic acid sequences are substantially identical is that the two molecules hybridize to each other under stringent conditions Stringent conditions are sequence dependent and are different under different environmental parameters. Generally, stringent conditions are selected to be about 5° C. to 20° C. lower than the thermal melting point (Tm) for the specific sequence at a defined ionic strength and pH. The T_(m) is the temperature (under defined ionic strength and pH) at which 50% of the target sequence hybridizes to a perfectly matched probe. Conditions for nucleic acid hybridization and calculation of stringencies can be found in Sambrook et al. (1989) and Tijssen (1993), and are discussed in more detail below.

[0059] Nucleic acid sequences that do not show a high degree of identity may nevertheless encode similar amino acid sequences, due to the degeneracy of the genetic code. It is understood that changes in nucleic acid sequence can be made using this degeneracy to produce multiple nucleic acid sequence that all encode substantially the same protein.

[0060] Specific binding agent: An agent that binds substantially only to a defined target. Thus a NPC1 protein specific binding agent binds substantially only the NPC1 protein. As used herein, the term “NPC1 protein specific binding agent” includes anti-NPC1 protein antibodies and other agents that bind substantially only to the NPC1 protein.

[0061] The term “anti-NPC1 protein antibodies” encompasses monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies that are specific for the NPC1 protein, i e, which bind substantially only to the NPC1 protein when assessed using the methods described below, as well as immunologically effective portions (“fragments”) thereof. The anti-NPC1 protein antibodies used in the present invention may be monoclonal antibodies (or immunologically effective portions thereof) and may also be humanized monoclonal antibodies (or immunologically effective portions thereof). Immunologically effective portions of monoclonal antibodies include Fab, Fab′, F(ab′)₂ Fabc and Fv portions (for a review, see Better and Horowitz, 1989). Anti-NPC1 protein antibodies may also be produced using standard procedures described in a number of texts, including Harlow and Lane (1988).

[0062] The determination that a particular agent binds substantially only to the NPC1 protein may readily be made by using or adapting routine procedures. One suitable in vitro assay makes use of the Western blotting procedure (described in many standard texts, including Harlow and Lane (1988)). Western blotting may be used to determine that a given NPC1 protein binding agent, such as an anti-NPC1 protein monoclonal antibody, binds substantially only to the NPC1 protein.

[0063] Mammal: This term includes both human and non-human mammals. Similarly, the term “patient” includes both human and veterinary subjects.

[0064] Additional definitions of terms commonly used in molecular genetics can be found in Benjamin Lewin, Genes V published by Oxford University Press, 1994 (ISBN 0-19-854287-9); Kendrew et al (eds.), The Encyclopedia of Moleculor Biology, published by Blackwell Science Ltd., 1994 (ISBN 0-632-02182-9); and Robert A. Meyers (ed.), Molecular Biology and Biotechnology: a Comprehensive Desk Reference, published by VCH Publishers, Inc., 1995 (ISBN 1-56081-569-8).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0065] This invention provides the nucleotide sequence of the human Niemann-Pick type C cDNA. This human cDNA sequence, which is depicted in Seq. I.D. No. 1, is herein referred to as the human NPC1 or hNPC1 cDNA. The hNPC1 cDNA encodes a protein which is herein referred to as the human NPC1 or hNPC1 protein. The amino acid sequence of the hNPC1 protein is also part of this invention and is depicted in Seq. I.D. No. 2.

[0066] Mutations in the gene corresponding to the hNPC1 cDNA can give rise to defective forms of the hNPC1 protein. Defective forms of the protein (i.e., those which cannot fully perform the functions of the normal hNPC1 protein) underly the NP-C disease condition. Because NP-C disease is a recessive condition, only those individuals in which both copies of the hNPC1 gene are mutated manifest the clinical symptoms of NP-C. Individuals who carry just one mutated hNPC1 gene do not manifest these clinical symptoms, but are carriers of the disease. The provision of the hNPC1 cDNA sequence now enables methods of detecting the presence of mutations in the gene corresponding to the hNPC1 cDNA, and thereby facilitates the determination of whether an individual is an NP-C sufferer, an NP-C carrier or is “healthy” with respect to NP-C. Methods by which the NP-C status of an individual can be determined are also encompassed by this invention.

[0067] This invention also includes a murine cDNA, an ortholog of the hNPC1 cDNA, which is demonstrated to underly the biochemical and histopathological defects in the two mouse models of NP-C. The murine cDNA sequence, herein referred to as the murine NPC1 or mNPC1, is shown in Seq I.D. No. 3 and the amino acid sequence of the encoded protein (the murine NPC1 or mNPC1 protein) is shown in Seq. I.D. No. 4. The provision of the murine sequences will greatly facilitate the study of type C Niemann-Pick disease through the murine disease model. Additionally, orthologous cDNA sequences from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Caenorhabditis elegans are presented in Seq. I.D. Nos. 5 and 7, respectively, and the amino acid sequences of the proteins encoded by these cDNAs are presented in Seq. I.D. Nos. 6 and 8, respectively. These and the human and murine sequences will be useful in the creation and study of additional models for NP-C, as well as for the study of cholesterol metabolism, signal transduction, neurodegeneration, apoptosis and neurobiology in general.

[0068] Following a description of materials and methods for use in conjunction with this invention, sections describing the isolation and characterization of the human and murine NPC1 cDNAs as well as preferred methods for making these sequences are presented Also presented are methods for expressing the human and murine NPC1 proteins, methods for producing specific binding agents, such as antibodies, that specifically bind to these proteins, and methods for producing sequence variants. In addition, methods for using the sequence information to detect the presence of mutant NPC1 genes in human subjects are described, as are methods of using specific binding agents to detect levels of NPC1 protein in body tissues.

[0069] 1. Materials and Methods

[0070] a. General Molecular Biology Methods

[0071] Standard molecular biology, biochemistry and immunology methods are used in the present invention unless otherwise described. Such standard methods are described in Sambrook et al. (1989), Ausubel et al (1987) and Harlow and Lane (1988).

[0072] Oligonucleotides can be chemically synthesized using standard methods such as the phosphoramidite triester method (Beaucage et al., 1981) on commercially available automated oligonucleotide synthesizers (available from, e.g., Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.).

[0073] The nucleotide sequences of cloned NPC1 cDNAs and genes can be verified using standard DNA sequencing techniques such as the di-deoxy sequencing method described by Sanger et al. (1977).

[0074] b. Cell Culture Methods

[0075] Cell lines were grown as monolayers in tissue culture flasks or dishes. The CHO cell mutant CT60 and its variant CT60 neo^(R) HAT^(S) were provided by Dr. T. Y. Chang (Dartmouth College of Medicine, Hanover, N.H.) and grown in CT60 medium: HAM's F-12 (F-12) medium (Biofluids, Inc, Rockville, Md.) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS, Hyclone Laboratories, Inc., Logan, Utah), 2 mM glutamine, 100 units/ml penicillin, and 100 ug/ml streptomycin. The mouse ovarian granulosa cell lines, ELN and ELC, obtained from normal and NP-C BALB/c mice, respectively, by SV40 transformation (Amsterdam et al., 1992) were grown in a 1:1 mixture of F-12 and Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) supplemented with 5% FBS and the above reagents. Yeast spheroplast fusion clones derived from CT60 cells were selected and maintained in CT60 medium as described above, plus 400 ug/ml G-418 (Gibco BRL). CT60-ELN/ELC cell fusion clones were selected and propagated in the same medium plus 1×HAT (10⁻⁴M hypoxanthine, 4×10⁻⁷ M aminopterin, 1.6×10⁻⁵M thymidine). Normal human fibroblasts (derived from normal volunteers of the Developmental and Metabolic Neurology Branch, NINDS, NIH, under guidelines approved by NIH clinical research committees) and NP-C human fibroblasts (3123; NIGMS Human Genetic Mutant Cell Repository, Coriell Institute for Medical Research, Cainden, N.J.) were propagated in DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS.

[0076] c. Yeast Spheroplast Fusion

[0077] All YACs used for spheroplast fusions were modified with a gene conferring resistance to neomycin by homologous recombination using the pRAN4 vector as described by Srivastava et al. (1991). Yeast spheroplasts were prepared and fused to recipient cells and cloneswere derived as described by Mogayzel et al. (1997) and Huxley et al. (1991).

[0078] d. Filipin Staining

[0079] Cells were stained with filipin and viewed by fluorescence microscopy according to Kruth and Vaughan (1980) and Pentchev et al. (1985), with the following modifications. Cells were plated in 2-well chamber slides (Nunc, Inc., Naperville, Ill.) in F-12 media supplemented with 5% lipoprotein-depleted serum (LPDS, PerImmune, Inc., Rockville, Md.) for two to three days before human LDL (PerImmune, Inc.) was added (50 mg/ml). After overnight incubation in the presence of LDL, the cells were washed three times with PBS and fixed with 3% paraformaldehyde in PBS for 30 min. The fixed cells were then washed in PBS (5 min×3), quenched with glycine (1.5 mg/ml in PBS; 10 min) and 2 ml of fresh filipin (Sigma) solution (0.05 mg/ml in PBS) were added to each slide (30 min) Slides were rinsed with PBS, gaskets were removed, a drop of phenylenediamine/glycerol was added, and slides were mounted with coverslips.

[0080] Fluorescence signals were detected using a Zeiss Axiovert 405M microscope (Carl Zeiss, Thornwood, N.Y.) equipped with a filter for observation at the appropriate wavelengths: 365 nm excitation and 395 nm emission. Photographs were obtained using 4 second exposures at a magnification of 320×.

[0081] e. Lipid Analysis

[0082] When LDL is endocytosed and hydrolyzed into free cholesterol in lysosomes, cholesterol ester synthesis is activated by the increase in the free cholesterol pool. This reaction may be monitored in vitro by the incorporation of exogenously derived [³H] oleic acid into cholesterol [³H] oleate.

[0083] The amount of radioactive tracer [³H] oleic acid (DuPont, New England Nuclear; specific activity of 200,000 dpm/nmol) incorporation into cholesterol ester and triglyceride was measured by thin layer chromatography as described by Pentchev et al. (1985; 1986), with the following modifications. Cells were seeded in 6-well plates and incubated with [³H] oleic acid (100 mM) and human LDL (50 mg/ml). After 18 hr incubation, lipids and proteins were extracted. Non-radioactive cholesterol oleate and triolein were added to the lipid extract before thin layer chromatography was performed Proteins were assayed by the Lowry method (Lowry et al., 1951). The amount of cholesterol oleate was normalized to the amount of protein (in mg) and compared in the presence or absence of LDL (D cholesterol [³H] oleate synthesis). The D was compared to controls using a non-paired, two-tailed T-test.

[0084] f. Northern Blot Analysis

[0085] RNA was extracted from cell monolayers using TRIZOL (GibcoBRL), following the product instructions. For each RNA sample, 10 ug were loaded on a 1.2% agarose/formaldehyde gel. Northern blotting and hybridization were performed as described by Mogayzel et al. (1997). Probes were labeled by random oligo extension (Ready-To-Go kit, Pharmacia Biotech, Piscataway, N.J.), following the kit instructions. After a 10 min denaturation, repeated sequences were blocked by incubating the probe with unlabeled human placental and Cot-1 DNA at 65° C. for 30 min.

[0086] g. Cell Fusions

[0087] Cell fusions were performed using polyethylene glycol (PEG) according to Davison et al. (1976), with the following modifications: CT60 neo^(R) HAT^(S) and ELN or ELC cells were seeded as a mixture (1:1 ratio) at 1.4×10⁶ cells/100 mm dish and grown in CT60 medium at 37° C. overnight Cells were washed with PBS, treated with the dropwise addition of 4 ml F-12 medium containing 40% polyethylene glycol (PEG 1500, Boehringer Mannheim) and 5% dimethyl sulfoxide and incubated at room temperature for 2 min. Plates were washed twice with CT60 medium and incubated in the same media for 24 hr. Cells from each fusion were trypsinized and seeded onto three 100 mm plates, cultured for two more days and then switched to double selection media consisting of F-12110% FBS with 400 ug/ml G-418 and 1×HAT. Clones were isolated and expanded prior to analysis.

[0088] h. DNA Preparation for STS Content Analysis

[0089] Cell hybridization and yeast spheroplast fusion derived clones were frozen at 3×10⁶ cells per ml in microcentrifuge tubes For DNA lysates, each tube was thawed, cells were pelleted, washed once with PBS and resuspended in 50 ul of lysis buffer (1×Taq buffer, Perkin Elmer), 0.05 mg/ml Proteinase K, 20 mM DTT, and 0.5 ug/ml sarkosyl). The suspension was incubation overnight at 37° C., boiled for 15 minutes, then pelleted at 13,000 rpm for 5 minutes An aliquot of the supernatant was used for PCR using primers D18Mit64 and D18Mit146 (MIT Database) and an annealing temperature of 55° C.

[0090] 2. Location of Human Gene for NP-C on Yeast Artificial Chromosome

[0091] Efforts to isolate a gene responsible for NP-C using positional cloning have established an NP-C critical interval of 1 centiMorgan on human chromosome 18, flanked by the markers D18S44 and NPC-B42. In addition, there are two independent murine mutants with an autosomal recessive lysosomal cholesterol storage defect (Morris et al., 1982; Miyawaki et al, 1982; Sakiyama et al., 1982). The pathological features of these murine mutants are similar to human NP-C. Linkage analysis using one of these mutant strains (an inbred C56BL/KsJ sphingomyelinosis strain) placed the NP-C locus near the glucocorticoid receptor-1 gene on mouse chromosome 18. Restoration of the normal intracellular distribution and esterification of exogenous cholesterol was achieved when human chromosome 18, a chromosome partly syntenic to mouse chromosome 18 (McKusick, 1990), was transferred into an immortalized cell line derived from this strain (SPM-3T3 cells) (Kurimasa et al., 1993). Genetic cross breeding studies suggested that the gene responsible for NP-C in the C56BL/KsJ sphingomyelinosis mice was the same gene mutated in the other strain (NP-C BALB/c) (Yamamoto et al., 1994), while cell fusion studies with an SV40-transformed ovarian granulosa cell line (Amsterdam et al., 1992) derived from the NP-C BALB/c mice suggested that these mice were genotypically allelic to human NP-C linked to chromosome 18. These data were consistent with the linkage of human NP-C to chromosome 18q11-12 and strongly suggested that murine and human NP-C are caused by mutations in the same gene.

[0092] In addition to the human and mouse NP-C phenotypes, a Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell line which exhibits the NP-C phenotype (CT60) has also been described (Cadigan et al., 1990). This cell line was generated from normal CHO cells using chemical mutagenesis, and was selected based on its cholesterol metabolism profile. The CT60 cell line displays sequestration of unesterfied cholesterol in the acidic compartment of the lysosomal/endosomal fraction and markedly reduced activation of cholesterol ester synthesis by LDL. Thus, it appears that CT60 has a remarkable phenotypic resemblance to human and mouse NP-C, and that the basic defect is in translocation of lysosomal LDL-derived cholesterol to the endoplasmic reticulum for esterification. Although these cells remained to be confirmed genotypically, the data support CT60 as a potential CHO counterpart of NP-C.

[0093] a. Formation of Heterokaryons between CT60 Cells and Normal or NP-C Mouse Ovarian Cells

[0094] To assess whether the CHO mutant CT60 is genotypically allelic to mouse NP-C, cell fusion studies were performed. A CT60 variant which is resistant to neomycin (neo^(R)) and sensitive to hypoxanthine, aminopterin, and thymidine (HAT) (CT60 neo^(R) HAT^(S); T. Y. Chang, personal communication) was fused to SV40 transformed mouse ovarian granulosa cell lines, ELN or ELC, derived from normal or NP-C BALB/c mice, respectively. It was hypothesized that if the mutation causing the NP-C-like phenotype in CT60 cells was allelic to the gene responsible for murine NP-C, heterokaryons of CT60 neo^(R) HAT^(S) and mouse cells would show phenotypic correction with ELN, but not with ELC cells. After two weeks of neo/HAT double selection, clones were isolated and expanded Six clones each were successfully propagated from fusions performed with CT60 neo^(R) HAT^(S) and either ELN or ELC cells and characterized for retention of the gene responsible for murine NP-C on mouse chromosome 18 by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using two polymorphic sequence-tagged-site (STS) markers unique to the mouse NP-C interval, D18Mit64 proximal to, and D18Mit146 distal to, the gene responsible for murine NP-C. These two markers were present in all six CT60 neo^(R) HAT^(S)-ELN fusion clones and all six CT60 neo^(R) HAT^(S)-ELC fusion clones, but not in the parental cell line CT60 neo^(R) HAT^(S), suggesting that the heterokaryons retained at least one copy of the gene responsible for murine NP-C on chromosome 18.

[0095] b. Complementation of CT60 Cells by Normal Mouse Ovarian Cells

[0096] ELN and ELC derived CT60 neo^(R) HAT^(S) heterokaryon clones were evaluated for normalization of the NP-C phenotype by filipin staining and cholesterol esterification analysis. Each of the six CT60 neo^(R) HAT^(S)-ELN clones containing the mouse NP-C interval demonstrated correction of the NP-C phenotype as indicated by filipin staining. Correction of the NP-C phenotype was not observed in any of the six CT60 neo^(R) HAT^(S)-ELC fusion clones by filipin staining.

[0097] Cholesterol esterification analyses were performed on parental cell lines and fusion clones as a secondary method of screening for correction of the NP-C phenotype. Following overnight uptake of LDL by normal cells (ELN), cholesterol ester synthesis was markedly increased. In contrast, stimulation of cholesterol ester synthesis was much less in CT60 neo^(R) HAT^(S) and in the NP-C cells (ELC). In the CT60 neo^(R) HAT^(S)-ELN fusion clones, cholesterol ester synthesis was significantly increased compared to CT60 neo^(R) HAT^(S)-ELC fusion clones (p˜10⁻⁷), demonstrating complementation of the CT60 NP-C defect by the normal, but not the NP-C genome.

[0098] c. Transfer of YACs from the NP-C Interval to CT60 Cells by Yeast Spheroplast Fusion

[0099] The human gene responsible for NP-C has been localized to a genomic region on chromosome 18, flanked by the genetic markers D18S44 centromerically and NPC-B42 telomerically; the physical map assembled across this interval includes three overlapping YACs, 877F12, 844E3 and 911D5, which span the interval completely (data not shown). These three YACs were modified with a neomycin resistance gene by homologous recombination and then introduced into the NP-C CHO cell line, CT60, by spheroplast fusion. Similarly, another YAC which contains the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator gene (CFTR) from chromosome 7, modified with a neomycin resistance gene (yCFTR325-Neo), was used for fusion as an unlinked YAC control.

[0100] Spheroplast fusion resulted in neo resistant clones from each of the YACs 877F12, 844E3, and 911D5 (22, 29, and 37 clones, respectively). Neo resistant clones were also obtained from fusions with the control YAC, yCFTR325-Neo. Clonal cell lines were expanded and initially characterized by STS content mapping using STS primers from the NP-C locus. The expected STS contents were found in 8, 10 and 34 clones derived from 877F12, 844E3, and 911D5, respectively. The detailed analyses described below were carried out in 2 clones from 877F12, 2 clones from 844E3 and 5 clones from 911D5.

[0101] d. Complementation of the NP-C Phenotype in CT60 Cells by a Single Human YAC from the NP-C Interval

[0102] Complementation in the YAC fusion clones was analyzed cytologically and biochemically Filipin staining indicated that all clones evaluated from 911D5 fusions no longer accumulated perinuclear lysosomal cholesterol. In contrast, parental CT60 cells as well as clones derived from 844E3, 877F12 and CFTR displayed extensive perinuclear staining. These findings indicated that the NP-C phenotype was corrected specifically only when YAC 911D5 was present in these cells.

[0103] In support of the cytological data, when cellular cholesterol ester synthesis was analyzed, LDL-stimulated esterfication was significantly increased compared to CT60 in all clones derived from 911D5, but not in either clone derived from 844E3 or clone A5 derived from 877F12. Clone 877F12A33 displayed modest stimulation of cholesterol esterification compared to CT60, but remained significantly different from control CHO cells (p<0.05). While this data could be taken to suggest partial complementation by 877F12, the filipin staining result clearly demonstrated that 877F12 did not complement the NP-C associated lysosomal accumulation of cholesterol. Together, the phenotypic analyses suggested that 911D5 harbors a human gene capable of correcting the NP-C phenotype, and that the critical interval for identification of the gene responsible for NP-C has been narrowed from the 1 cM interval defined by markers D18S44 and NPC-B42 to the region contained within YAC 911D5, specifically the 300-400 kilobases (kb) proximal to NPC-B42.

[0104] 3. Isolation of Human NP-C cDNA hNPC1

[0105] a. Cloning and Sequencing of hNPC1 cDNA

[0106] Following the reduction of the NP-C interval to the 300-400 Kb defined by markers D18S1382 and D18S1388, Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes (BACs) assembled across the interval were sub-cloned into the exon-trapping vectors pSPL3 and pTAG4 according to Krizman et al (1997) Among the trapped exons that mapped to YAC 911D5 and its associated BACs (see FIG. 1), the 3′ exon C59 showed identity to an expressed sequence tag (EST) H11600 (GenBank) and the corresponding cluster of 14 ESTs (W1-14881) identified by UNIGENE (Schuler et al, 1996). Northern blot analysis of a multi-tissue RNA panel (Clontech) using EST clone H11600 as probe identified a transcript of approximately 4.9 kb. To extend this clone 5′, antisense primers were designed from clone H11600 and used to amplify from adapter-ligated cDNA libraries by long-range PCR (the libraries used were the human fetal brain, ovary and fibroblast Marathon-Ready cDNA libraries (Clontech)). Through successive extensions, the sequence of the entire open reading frame (ORF) was identified. From this, primers were designed to the 5′ most sequences and 3′ most sequence and used to amplify a single 4673 bp clone, 704-1 containing the entire ORF. Clone 704-1 is hereafter referred to as hNPC1. The authenticity of this clone was provided by 3 additional trapped internal exons that mapped to the NPC1 ORF (FIG. 1).

[0107] The hNPC1 cDNA sequence (GenBank accession #AF002020), presented in Seq. I.D. No. 1 predicts a protein of 1278 amino acids with an estimated molecular weight of 142 KDa (Seq. I.D. No.2). The amino terminus contains a 24-amino acid sequence including a central core of 13 hydrophobic amino acids typical of signal peptides that target proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum. Analysis of regions of hydrophobicity and structural motif comparisons predict an integral membrane protein with as many as 16 possible transmembrane (TM) regions The di-leucine motif (LLNF) found at the C-terminal of hNPC1 has been shown to be a lysosomal targeting sequence for the multitransmembrane lysosomal resident protein Limp II (Orgata et al, 1994); it also mediates endocytosis (Hunziker et al., 1992). Database sequence comparisons revealed extensive identity/similarity to uncharacterized NP-C orthologs in mouse (85%/93%), in yeast (34%/57%) and in C. elegans (30%/55%). A region between residues 55-164, which is free of TM regions, is strongly conserved phylogenetically in these species suggesting functional importance. Within this sequence lies a leucine heptad motif or leucine zipper (residues 73-94) which may mediate polypeptide multimerization as it does for certain transcription factors (Landschultz et al., 1988). A tyrosine phosphorylation site is suggested at residue 506 (Cooper et al., 1984).

[0108] b. Verification of Sequence Identity by Complementation in Transient Expression Assays

[0109] To verify the identity of the hNPC1 cDNA, it was transiently expressed in NPC1-genotyped human fibroblasts and the cells were assayed for filipin staining. The method used, which may also be used for assaying the effects of NPC1 sequence variants, was as follows. DNA vectors 5-4 (704F/G60), 8-1 (87F/G60) 1-1 (704F/G60) and antisense 7-5 (704F/G60) were extracted/purified by alkaline lysis and CsCl gradient centrifugation. On day 0, NPC1 fibroblasts (GM-3123) were plated at 70,000 cells per well in Lab-Tek Chamber Slides (Nunc) On day 1, lipofectamine transfection was performed according to the manufacturer's recommendation (Gibco BRL). On day 2, cells were rinsed once with PBS and then EMEM medium with 10% lipoprotein-deficient serum (LPDS) was then added to the cells for 36 hrs and then replaced with LPDS medium +/−LDL (50 ug/ml) for 24 hrs. The NPC1 genotyped cells were fixed, stained with filipin and cytochemically viewed as described by Blanchette-Mackie et al., (1988). For evaluation, 8-11 fields consisting of approximately 200 cells were randomly selected and viewed with a 25× objective on a microscope slides. Mutant cells with intense filipin fluorescence in perinuclear vacuoles were judged to represent the typical lysosomal cholesterol lipidosis characteristic of NP-C cells. Individual cells discernibly free of the intense perinuclear vacuole fluorescence of neighboring cells were considered to be “corrected”. Frequently these “corrected” cells appeared in patches of 2 or more cells and their lysosomes were often seen scattered throughout the cytoplasm.

[0110] The results of these assays were as follows. Control cultures representing untransfected (1.9%), mock-transfected (0.4%) and transfection with antisense NPC1 constructs (2.4%) contained the indicated percentage of mutant NP-C1 cells that showed no notable filipin staining of perinuclear vesicles. In contrast, experimental test cultures treated with the cDNA vectors 5-4 (23%), 8-1 (22%), and 1-1 (19%) increased the level of corrected cells to the indicated levels.

[0111] Thus, the introduction of NPC1 expression vectors into cultured NPC1-genotyped human fibroblasts by transient transfection restored a normal phenotype by significantly increasing the population of cells which did not accumulate LDL-derived cholesterol in lysosomes. In summary, NP-C cultures that were not treated with the cDNA contained only 1.6+/−1.0% cells that were seen to be free of lysosomal cholesterol storage In contrast, transfection with three independent NPC1 constructs increased (to 21+/−2%) the population of mutant cells that contained no cholesterol accumulation indicating significant (p=0.002) recovery of the normal phenotype.

[0112] c. Detection of Mutations in hNPC1 in NP-C Patients

[0113] Single-strand conformational polymorphism (SSCP) analysis was used to detect the presence of mutations in the hNPC1 gene in NP-C patients. SSCP analysis was carried out on both cDNA and genomic DNA samples. cDNA was generated from cultured fibroblast RNA using the Superscript System (LTI). For genomic DNA, intron/exon boundaries were identified for 19 exons of NPC1 (constituting 72% of the ORF) thus permitting PCR-based SSCP analysis from genomic DNA using primers designed from intron sequences. DNA was isolated from blood with the Puregene kit (GentraSystem). All PCR were performed in 10 ml reactions using Taq (Perkin Elmer) containing 50 ng of DNA containing a dNTP (0.25 mM each of dA, dG, dT and ³²P-dCTP). Samples were run on 0.6×TBE-buffered MDE (FMC) SSCP gels at 4 W for 14 h. SSCP confomers were excised from the gel and reamplified using the original primer set. Re-amplification products were sequenced (ABI) and compared to normal controls.

[0114] 8 separate mutations in 9 unrelated NP-C families were identified using this approach; these are summarized in Table 1, below. Among the distinct mutations, a 4-bp insertion results in a frameshift at codon 1205 leading to a premature termination. Of the two multiple nucleotide deletions, a 75-bp deletion (nt 1875-1947) virtually eliminates one predicted domain, TM4, and most of the intervening spacer leading to TM5. To date, 5 missense mutations have been identified; in two instances identical mutations, T1036M (C>T transition) or N1156S (A>G transition), were present in separate families presumed unrelated. Missense mutations at codons 1156 and 1186 result in changes of amino acids that are invariant in phylogenetic orthologs. None of the reported mutations were observed in control DNA samples from 68 unaffected and unrelated individuals.

[0115] Positional cloning, mutation detection and cDNA-based expression/correction therefore establish hNPC1 as the gene locus for the major form of NP-C disease. TABLE 1 Mutations of NPC1 gene in Niemann-Pick C families Trans- mem- brane mRNA Predicted region Genotype Patient sequence change protein alteration affected status ENZ 145 nt597/Del/6bp Del aa201-202 — Cmpd Htz (AGGCAC) (Gin, Ala) 93.47 nt1775/Del/75bp Del aa605-629  4 Cmpd Htz (25aa) 92.31 nt2783(A > C) aa 928/Gin > Pro — Cmpd Htz 87.15 nt3107(C > T) aa 1036/Thr > Met 10 Homo- zygous 94.17 nt3107(C > T) aa 1036/Thr > Met 10 Cmpd Htz 94.41 nt3467(A > G) aa 1156/Asn* > Ser 14 Cmpd Htz nt3557(A > G) aa 1186/Arg* > His — — ENZ146 nt3467(A > G) aa 1156/Asn* > Ser 14 Cmpd Htz 91.78 nt3499(T < C) aa 1116/Phe > Leu — Cmpd Htz ENZ144 nt36131ns/4bp Frame shift/ 15-16 Cmpd Htz (ACTT) aa1205 > stop

[0116] 4. Isolation of Murine NP-C cDNA, mNPC1

[0117] a. The Murine Models

[0118] Insights into the biochemical and histopatholgical defects associated with NP-C have come through the use of two murine models which share many of the clinical abnormalities observed in humans with NP-C: elevated levels of sphingomyelin and unesterified cholesterol in liver and spleen, presence of foamy macrophages, neuronal vacuoles, focal axonal swelling, and decreased Purkinje cell number (Higashi et al., 1991). The two murine NP-C models, C57BlKs/J spm and BALB/c npc^(mh) arose as spontaneous mutations, were determined allelic by cross breeding and have been independently localized to mouse chromosome 18 in a region syntenic to the human NPC1 locus (Erickson, 1997; Morris et al., 1982; Miyawaki et al., 1982; Sakai et al., 1991; Yamamoto et al, 1994). Confirmation that the two mouse loci belong to the same complementation group as the human NPC1 locus was determined using heterokaryon fusions of human NPC1 fibroblasts to mouse mutant cell lines and by DNA mediated complementation using a YAC from the human NPC1 critical region (Akaboshi et al., 1997 and data presented above). Combined, these studies indicate that the same gene is altered in the two mouse NP-C models (spm and npc^(mh)) and that the orthologous gene in the mouse models is defective at the human NPC1 locus.

[0119] b. Cloning the mNPC1 cDNA

[0120] The candidate gene map from the human NPC1 critical region, addressed above, has been combined with high resolution linkage mapping and candidate gene analysis using the BALB/c npc^(mh) mouse model to identify the molecular defect responsible for the neurovisceral abnormalities in NP-C disease. Genetic linkage analysis with 1552 meioses was used to define a 0.36 cM mouse NPC1 critical region. The murine and human genetic resources were integrated by using mouse linkage markers and mouse orthologs of two human ESTs located within human NPC1 critical region to assemble a mouse BAC contig. Partial cDNA clones for the two orthologous genes in mouse (Genbank #AA002656 and MW83C06), were identified in dbEST by BLAST analysis using sequences from the respective human orthologous genes 190B6 and Npc1.

[0121] The expression patterns of the two genes, AA002656 and MW83C06 (now termed mNpc1) was examined by Northern blot analysis of RNA isolated from wild type and mutant tissues. While both genes were expressed in all wild type tissues examined, a vast reduction of Npc1 mRNA was observed in npc^(mh)/npc^(mh) liver, brain and spm/spm liver compared to wild type tissues. The mNpc1 cDNA sequences from wild type and affected animals were directly compared to determine if the reduced expression in affected tissues was a primary defect in the mNpc1 gene or a secondary event resulting from the NP-C phenotypes. Since both npc^(mh) and spm are isogenic mutations (arising and maintained on inbred genetic backgrounds) any genetically linked, genomic alterations identified between affected and wild-type control mice is most likely causative of the disorder. Although Northern blot analyses demonstrated reduced levels of mRNA in affected tissues, mNpc1 cDNA could be amplified from affected tissues by RT-PCR. Sequence analysis of the cDNA clones from BALB/c npc^(mh)/npc^(mh) mouse liver and brain RNA, identified 44 bps of wild type sequence replaced with 24 bps of previously unidentified sequence which results in a frameshift and early truncation of the putative ORF.

[0122] The putative mutation in mNpc1 was subsequently confirmed by isolation of the corresponding genomic region from npc^(mh)/npc^(mh) affected and control mice. Sequence comparison of the genomic region identified an 824 bp insertion of retrotransposon-like sequences from the Mammalian Apparent LTR-Retrotransposon (MaLR) family (Smit, 1993; Heilein et al., 1986; Kelly, 1994; Cordonnier, 1995). The inserted sequence does not contain a full length MaLR, however, two distinct regions can be identified; the initial 458 bp shows 81% identity to internal sequences of the human endogenous retroviral-like element, HERV-L (Cordonnier et al., 1995), the terminal 370 bp corresponds to the 3′ terminus of a mouse transcript (MT) retrotransposon-like sequence (Heilein et al., 1986). Comparison of wild type and npc^(mh)/npc^(mh) mutant mNpc1 intronic sequences identified that in addition to the inserted sequences, 703 bp of wild type sequences were deleted. Consistent with the npc^(mh) mutation, MaLR transposition events are prone to rearrangements at integration sites.

[0123] These results demonstrate that the NP-C phenotypes observed in BALB/c npc^(mh)/npc^(mh) mice result from a mutation of the Npc1 gene. In addition, since npc^(mh) is in the same complementation group and located in the syntenic portion of the genome as the human NPC1 locus, these results are consistent with the findings that the human NPC1 gene is also responsible for the abnormal cholesterol homeostasis and neurodegeneration observed in humans with NP-C disease.

[0124] c. Sequence Analysis

[0125] Analysis of the mNpc1 cDNA (depicted in Seq. I.D No. 3) predicts an ORF of 1278 amino acids (Seq. I.D. No 4) which encodes an N-terminal putative signal peptide sequence followed by a domain that is unique to the NPC1 orthologs (in mouse, human, C. elegans and S cerevisiae), and thirteen putative transmembrane domains that include a potential sterol-sensing domain (SSD)(see FIG. 3). The NPC domain consists of 112 amino acids and is marked by eight cysteine residues whose spacing is conserved between all NPC1 orthologs analyzed (FIG. 4). Extensive sequence similarity is observed between the murine NPC1 gene and its human ortholog in both the 3834 bps of putative ORF and in a portion of the 3′ UTR. In addition, both murine and human orthologs of AA002656 and Npc1 are transcribed in opposite orientations, overlap for 284 bp of the 3′ end and within this region exhibit 163 bps of evolutionary conservation (86% nucleic acid identity). A functional significance for this overlap and evolutionary conservation is not clear, however possibilities include co-regulation of mRNA transcription by sharing an enhancer element, regulation of RNA stability or translation due to direct, interaction between Npc1 mRNA and AA002656 mRNA.

[0126] The prediction of a SSD in the NPC1 protein is based upon homology to two other genes that have previously been identified as having SSDs and are also crucial for intracellular cholesterol homeostasis, HMG-CoA reductase and SREB cleavage activating protein (SCAP) The region of HMG-CoA reductase containing the SSD is responsible for its targeted degradation in response to intracellular sterol levels (Skalnik et al., 1988, Gil et al., 1985) HMG-CoA reductase activity is also transcriptionally regulated by cholesterol levels via the membrane bound transcription factors SREBP1 and SREBP2, whose cleavage and release from the membrane is in turn regulated by the sterol responsive gene, SCAP. A D443N mutation in the SSD of SCAP blocks its inhibition of cleavage stimulating activity of the transcription of SREBP factors, and directly alters intracellular cholesterol responsive pathways through transcriptional regulation (Hua et al., 1996). Of interest, this amino acid is also conserved in the putative SSD in NPC1 of mouse, man and worm (FIG. 3). The presence of a putative SSD in NPC1 suggests that its function involves direct interactions with sterol moieties. This is consistent with the abnormalities in cellular cholesterol homeostasis observed in individuals with NP-C disease.

[0127] Extensive amino acid homology is also observed between the putative transmembrane and SSD of NPC1 with eleven of the twelve transmembrane domains of the Patched (PTC) protein. The presence of a SSD has not been previously described in PTC, nor has PTC been implicated in cholesterol homeostasis. However recently, several links have been made between PTC signaling, neuronal development and cholesterol homeostasis. The secreted signaling molecule, Sonic Hedgehog (SHH), contains a covalently attached cholesterol moiety and has been shown to biochemically interact with PTC. In addition, mutations in SHH, or mutations that result in endogenous cholesterol deficiency (genetic deficiencies of apolipoprotein B, megalin or 7-dehydrocholesterol-Δ⁷-reductase (Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome)) result in abnormal central nervous system development and function including holoprosencephaly. Given the structural similarities between NPC1 and PTC, it raises the possibility that NPC1 could also interact with protein-sterol complexes that are required for normal neuronal development and/or function. Alternatively, alterations in cellular cholesterol homeostasis in utero could indirectly reduce the function of proteins, such as SHH, that require a cholesterol adduct for normal neuronal development and/or function. While neuro-developmental anomalies such as holoprosencephaly have not been observed in npc^(mh)/npc^(mh) mice, there is a significant deviation from the expected ratio of npc^(mh)/npc^(mh) mice obtained from intercrosses. Further developmental and histological analyses using the BALB/c Npc1^(npc-mh) mouse model are needed to determine if the neurological defects in NP-C result from defective neural development or arise secondary to the lysosomal cholesterol accumulation. Biochemical and genetic analyses of the NPC1 protein using the mouse, worm and yeast model systems will provide powerful resources for assessment of pharmacological interventions and for understanding the role of NPC1 in intracellular cholesterol homeostasis and in the etiology of neurodegeneration in NP-C disease.

[0128] 5. Preferred Method for Making NPC1 cDNAs

[0129] The foregoing discussion describes the original means by which the human and murine NPC1 cDNAs were obtained and also provides the nucleotide sequence of these cDNAs. With the provision of this sequence information, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) may now be utilized in a more direct and simple method for producing these cDNAs

[0130] To amplify the human or murine cDNA sequences, total RNA is extracted from human or murine fibroblast cells, respectively, and used as a template for performing the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) amplification of cDNA. Methods and conditions for RT-PCR are described above and in Kawasaki et al. (1990). The selection of PCR primers will be made according to the portions of the particular cDNA which are to be amplified. Primers may be chosen to amplify small segments of a cDNA or the entire cDNA molecule. Variations in amplification conditions may be required to accommodate primers of differing lengths; such considerations are well known in the art and are discussed in Innis et al. (1990). For example, the open reading frame of the human NPC1 cDNA may be amplified using the following combination of primers: primer A1 5′ ATGACCGCTCGCGGCCTGGCCCTTG 3′ (Seq. I.D. No.10) primer A2 5′ GAAATTTAGAAGCCGTTCGCGCTC 3′ (Seq. I.D. No.11)

[0131] and the ORF of the murine NPC1 cDNA may be amplified using the following combination of primers: primer B1 5′ ATGGGTGCGCACCACCCGGCCCTC 3′ (Seq. I.D. No.12) primer B2 5′ AAAATTGAGGAGTCGTTCTCTCTC 3′ (Seq. I.D. No.13)

[0132] These primers are illustrative only; it will be appreciated by one skilled in the art that many different primers may be derived from the provided cDNA sequence in order to amplify particular regions of the cDNAs.

[0133] Alternatively, the gene sequences corresponding to the cDNA sequences presented herein (i.e. the genomic sequence including introns) or pieces of such gene sequences may be obtained by amplification using primers based on the presented cDNA sequences using human or murine genomic DNA as a template.

[0134] 6. Isolation of NP-C Genomic Sequences

[0135] Having provided herein the cDNA sequence of the human and mouse NPC1 cDNAs, cloning of the corresponding genomic nucleotide sequences is now enabled. These genomic sequence may readily be obtained by standard laboratory methods, such as RACE-PCR amplification using a human genomic DNA library or genomic DNA extracted directly from human cells as a template. As discussed above (and illustrated in FIG. 1), the inventors have determined that the human NPC1 gene is present on YAC 911D5 between the markers D18S1382 and D18S1388 and also on the corresponding BACs 238D17, 98L14 and 108N2. Therefore, the genomic region that includes the human NPC1 gene has been identified and the genomic sequence may be readily obtained using the cDNA sequence information presented herein. The human genomic sequence may thus be determined by probing a cosmid library made from YAC 911DS or from the corresponding BACs and thereafter sequencing the hybridizing sub-clones. Alternatively the BACs may be sequenced directly.

[0136] Having the intron sequence data for the genomic sequence will be valuable for diagnostic applications, e.g., looking for splice-site mutations. The various applications described below (e.g., expression of the NPC1 protein for use in producing antibodies) are described using the NPC1 cDNA sequences, but may also be performed using the corresponding genomic sequences.

[0137] 7. Production of Nucleotide Sequence Variants of NPC1 cDNAs and Amino Acid Sequence Variants of NPC1 Proteins

[0138] Seq. I.D. Nos. 1 and 3 show the nucleotide sequences of the human and murine NPC1 cDNAs, respectively, and the amino acid sequence of the human and murine NPC1 proteins encoded by these cDNAs are shown in Seq. I.D. Nos. 2 and 4, respectively. Orthologous sequences from yeast and C. elegans are also provided in the sequence listing. The biological activity of the NPC1 protein (whether of human or murine origin) is its ability to prevent abnormal lysosomal cholesterol accumulation when transiently expressed in NP-C cells. In other words, this protein complements the cholesterol accumulation that phenotypically characterizes NP-C cells. This activity of the NPC1 protein may readily be determined using transient expression studies in NP-C fibroblasts in conjunction with filipin staining as described in Section 3(b) above.

[0139] Having presented the nucleotide sequence of the human, murine, yeast and C. elegans NPC1 cDNAs and the amino acid sequences of the encoded proteins, this invention now also facilitates the creation of DNA molecules, and thereby proteins, which are derived from those disclosed but which vary in their precise nucleotide or amino acid sequence from those disclosed. Such variants may be obtained through a combination of standard molecular biology laboratory techniques and the nucleotide sequence information disclosed by this invention.

[0140] Variant DNA molecules include those created by standard DNA mutagenesis techniques, for example, M13 primer mutagenesis. Details of these techniques are provided in Sambrook et al. (1989), Ch. 15. By the use of such techniques, variants may be created which differ in minor ways from those disclosed. DNA molecules and nucleotide sequences which are derivatives of those specifically disclosed herein and which differ from those disclosed by the deletion, addition or substitution of nucleotides while still encoding a protein which possesses the biological activity of the NPC1 protein are comprehended by this invention.

[0141] DNA molecules and nucleotide sequences which are derived from the disclosed DNA molecules as described above may also be defined as DNA sequences which hybridize under stringent conditions to the DNA sequences disclosed, or fragments thereof. Hybridization conditions resulting in particular degrees of stringency will vary depending upon the nature of the hybridization method of choice and the composition and length of the hybridizing DNA used Generally, the temperature of hybridization and the ionic strength (especially the Na⁺ concentration) of the hybridization buffer will determine the stringency of hybridization Calculations regarding hybridization conditions required for attaining particular degrees of stringency are discussed by Sambrook et. al. (1989), chapters 9 and 11, herein incorporated by reference. By way of illustration only, a hybridization experiment may be performed by hybridization of a DNA molecule (for example, a variant of the hNPC1 cDNA) to a target DNA molecule (for example, the hNPC1 cDNA) which has been electrophoresed in an agarose gel and transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane by Southern blotting (Southern, 1975), a technique well known in the art and described in Sambrook et al. (1989). Hybridization with a target probe labeled, for example, with [³²P]-dCTP is generally carried out in a solution of high ionic strength such as 6×SSC at a temperature that is 20-25° C. below the melting temperature, T_(m), described below. For such Southern hybridization experiments where the target DNA molecule on the Southern blot contains 10 ng of DNA or more, hybridization is typically carried out for 6-8 hours using 1-2 ng/ml radiolabeled probe (of specific activity equal to 10⁹ CPM/μg or greater). Following hybridization, the nitrocellulose filter is washed to remove background hybridization. The washing conditions should be as stringent as possible to remove background hybridization but to retain a specific hybridization signal. The term T_(m) represents the temperature above which, under the prevailing ionic conditions, the radiolabeled probe molecule will not hybridize to its target DNA molecule. The T_(m) of such a hybrid molecule may be estimated from the following equation (Bolton and McCarthy, 1962):

T _(m)=81.5° C.−16.6(log₁₀[Na⁺])+0.41(%G+C)−0.63(% formamide)−(600/l)

[0142] Where l=the length of the hybrid in base pairs. This equation is valid for concentrations of Na⁺ in the range of 0.01 M to 0.4 M, and it is less accurate for calculations of T_(m) in solutions of higher [Na⁺]. The equation is also primarily valid for DNAs whose G+C content is in the range of 30% to 75%, and it applies to hybrids greater than 100 nucleotides in length (the behavior of oligonucleotide probes is described in detail in Ch. 11 of Sambrook et al., 1989).

[0143] Thus, by way of example, for a 150 base pair DNA probe with a hypothetical GC content of 45%, a calculation of hybridization conditions required to give particular stringencies may be made as follows:

[0144] For this example, it is assumed that the filter will be washed in 0.3×SSC solution following hybridization, thereby

[0145] [Na⁺]=0.045M

[0146] %GC=45%

[0147] Formamide concentration=0

[0148] l=150 base pairs

T _(m)=81.5−16(log₁₀[Na⁺])+(0.41×45)−(600/150)

[0149] and so T_(m)=74.4° C.

[0150] The T_(m) of double-stranded DNA decreases by 1-1.5° C. with every 1% decrease in homology (Bonner et al., 1973). Therefore, for this given example, washing the filter in 0.3×SSC at 594-64.4° C. will produce a stringency of hybridization equivalent to 90%; that is, DNA molecules with more than 10% sequence variation relative to the target cDNA will not hybridize. Alternatively, washing the hybridized filter in 0.3×SSC at a temperature of 65.4-68.4° C. will yield a hybridization stringency of 94%; that is, DNA molecules with more than 6% sequence variation relative to the target cDNA molecule will not hybridize. The above example is given entirely by way of theoretical illustration. One skilled in the art will appreciate that other hybridization techniques may be utilized and that variations in experimental conditions will necessitate alternative calculations for stringency.

[0151] For purposes of the present invention, “stringent conditions” encompass conditions under which hybridization will only occur if there is less than 25% mismatch between the hybridization probe and the target sequence. “Stringent conditions” may be broken down into particular levels of stringency for more precise definition. Thus, as used herein, “moderate stringency” conditions are those under which DNA molecules with more than 25% sequence variation (also termed “mismatch”) will not hybridize; conditions of “medium stringency” are those under which DNA molecules with more than 15% mismatch will not hybridize, and conditions of “high stringency” are those under which DNA sequences with more than 10% mismatch will not hybridize. Conditions of “very high stringency” are those under which DNA sequences with more than 6% mismatch will not hybridize.

[0152] The degeneracy of the genetic code further widens the scope of the present invention as it enables major variations in the nucleotide sequence of a DNA molecule while maintaining the amino acid sequence of the encoded protein. For example, the third amino acid residue of the mNPC1 protein is alanine. This is encoded in the mNPC1 cDNA by the nucleotide codon triplet GCG. Because of the degeneracy of the genetic code, three other nucleotide codon triplets—GCT, GCC and GCA—also code for alanine Thus, the nucleotide sequence of the mNPC1 cDNA could be changed at this position to any of these three codons without affecting the amino acid composition of the encoded protein or the characteristics of the protein. The genetic code and variations in nucleotide codons for particular amino acids are presented in Tables 2 and 3. Based upon the degeneracy of the genetic code, variant DNA molecules may be derived from the cDNA molecules disclosed herein using standard DNA mutagenesis techniques as described above, or by synthesis of DNA sequences. DNA sequences which do not hybridize under stringent conditions to the cDNA sequences disclosed by virtue of sequence variation based on the degeneracy of the genetic code are herein also comprehended by this invention. TABLE 2 The Genetic Code First Third Position Second Position Position (5′ end) T C A G (3′ end) T Phe Ser Tyr Cys T Phe Ser Tyr Cys C Leu Ser Stop (och) Stop A Leu Ser Stop (amb) Trp G C Leu Pro His Arg T Leu Pro His Arg C Leu Pro Gln Arg A Leu Pro Gln Arg G A Ile Thr Asn Ser T Ile Thr Asn Ser C Ile Thr Lys Arg A Met Thr Lys Arg G G Val Ala Asp Gly T Val Ala Asp Gly C Val Ala Glu Gly A Val (Met) Ala Glu Gly G

[0153] TABLE 3 The Degeneracy of the Genetic Code Number of Synonymous Total Number of Codons Amino Acid Codons 6 Leu, Ser, Arg 18 4 Gly, Pro, Ala, Val, Thr 20 3 Ile 3 2 Phe, Tyr, Cys, His, Gln, 18 Glu, Asn, Asp, Lys 1 Met, Trp 2 Total number of codons for amino acids 61 Number of codons for termination 3 Total number of codons in genetic code 64

[0154] One skilled in the art will recognize that the DNA mutagenesis techniques described above may be used not only to produce variant DNA molecules, but will also facilitate the production of proteins which differ in certain structural aspects from the NPC1 protein, yet which proteins are clearly derivative of this protein and which maintain the essential functional characteristic of the NPC1 protein as defined above. Newly derived proteins may also be selected in order to obtain variations on the characteristic of the NPC1 protein, as will be more fully described below. Such derivatives include those with variations in amino acid sequence including minor deletions, additions and substitutions

[0155] While the site for introducing an amino acid sequence variation is predetermined, the mutation per se need not be predetermined. For example, in order to optimize the performance of a mutation at a given site, random mutagenesis may be conducted at the target codon or region and the expressed protein variants screened for optimal activity. Techniques for making substitution mutations at predetermined sites in DNA having a known sequence as described above are well known.

[0156] Amino acid substitutions are typically of single residues; insertions usually will be on the order of about from 1 to 10 amino acid residues; and deletions will range about from 1 to 30 residues. Substitutions, deletions, insertions or any combination thereof may be combined to arrive at a final construct. Obviously, the mutations that are made in the DNA encoding the protein must not place the sequence out of reading frame and preferably will not create complementary regions that could produce secondary mRNA structure.

[0157] Substitutional variants are those in which at least one residue in the amino acid sequence has been removed and a different residue inserted in its place Such substitutions generally are made in accordance with the following Table 4 when it is desired to finely modulate the characteristics of the protein. Table 4 shows amino acids which may be substituted for an original amino acid in a protein and which are regarded as conservative substitutions. TABLE 4 Original Residue Conservative Substitutions Ala ser Arg lys Asn gln, his Asp glu Cys ser Gln asn Glu asp Gly pro His asn; gln Ile leu, val Leu ile; val Lys arg; gln; glu Met leu; ile Phe met; leu; tyr Ser thr Thr ser Trp tyr Tyr trp; phe Val ile; leu

[0158] Substantial changes in function or immunological identity are made by selecting substitutions that are less conservative than those in Table 4, i e., selecting residues that differ more significantly in their effect on maintaining (a) the structure of the polypeptide backbone in the area of the substitution, for example, as a sheet or helical conformation, (b) the charge or hydrophobicity of the molecule at the target site, or (c) the bulk of the side chain. The substitutions which in general are expected to produce the greatest changes in protein properties will be those in which (a) a hydrophilic residue, e.g., seryl or threonyl, is substituted for (or by) a hydrophobic residue, e.g., leucyl, isoleucyl, phenylalanyl, valyl or alanyl; (b) a cysteine or proline is substituted for (or by) any other residue; (c) a residue having an electropositive side chain, e.g., lysyl, arginyl, or histadyl, is substituted for (or by) an electronegative residue, e.g., glutamyl or aspartyl; or (d) a residue having a bulky side chain, e.g, phenylalanine, is substituted for (or by) one not having a side chain, e.g., glycine

[0159] The effects of these amino acid substitutions or deletions or additions may be assessed for derivatives of the NPC1 protein by transient expression of the protein in question in NP-C cells in conjunction with filipin staining as described above.

[0160] The murine and human NPC1 genes, NPC1 cDNAs, DNA molecules derived therefrom and the protein encoded by these cDNAs and derivative DNA molecules may be utilized in aspects of both the study of NP-C and for diagnostic and therapeutic applications related to NP-C. Utilities of the present invention include, but are not limited to, those utilities described herein. Those skilled in the art will recognize that the utilities herein described are not limited to the specific experimental modes and materials presented and will appreciate the wider potential utility of this invention.

[0161] 8. Expression of NP-C Proteins

[0162] With the provision of the human and murine NPC1 cDNAs, the expression and purification of the corresponding NPC1 protein by standard laboratory techniques is now enabled. The purified protein may be used for functional analyses, antibody production and patient therapy. Furthermore, the DNA sequence of the NPC1 cDNA and the mutant NPC1 cDNAs isolated from NP-C patients as disclosed above can be manipulated in studies to understand the expression of the gene and the function of its product. In this way, the underlying biochemical defect which results in the symptoms of NP-C can be established. The mutant versions of the NPC1 cDNA isolated to date and others which may be isolated based upon information contained herein, may be studied in order to detect alteration in expression patterns in terms of relative quantities, tissue specificity and functional properties of the encoded mutant NPC1 protein. Partial or full-length cDNA sequences, which encode for the subject protein, may be ligated into bacterial expression vectors. Methods for expressing large amounts of protein from a cloned gene introduced into Escherichia coli (E coli) may be utilized for the purification, localization and functional analysis of proteins. For example, fusion proteins consisting of amino terminal peptides encoded by a portion of the E. coli lacZ or trpE gene linked to NPC1 proteins may be used to prepare polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies against these proteins. Thereafter, these antibodies may be used to purify proteins by immunoaffinity chromatography, in diagnostic assays to quantitate the levels of protein and to localize proteins in tissues and individual cells by immunofluorescence.

[0163] Intact native protein may also be produced in E. coli in large amounts for functional studies. Methods and plasmid vectors for producing fusion proteins and intact native proteins in bacteria are described in Sambrook et al. (1989) (ch. 17, herein incorporated by reference). Such fusion proteins may be made in large amounts, are easy to purify, and can be used to elicit antibody response. Native proteins can be produced in bacteria by placing a strong, regulated promoter and an efficient ribosome binding site upstream of the cloned gene. If low levels of protein are produced, additional steps may be taken to increase protein production; if high levels of protein are produced, purification is relatively easy. Suitable methods are presented in Sambrook et al. (1989) and are well known in the art. Often, proteins expressed at high levels are found in insoluble inclusion bodies. Methods for extracting proteins from these aggregates are described by Sambrook et al. (1989) (ch. 17). Vector systems suitable for the expression of lacZ fusion genes include the pUR series of vectors (Ruther and Muller-Hill, 1983), pEX1-3 (Stanley and Luzio, 1984) and pMR100 (Gray et al., 1982). Vectors suitable for the production of intact native proteins include pKC30 (Shimatake and Rosenberg, 1981), pKK177-3 (Amann and Brosius, 1985) and pET-3 (Studiar and Moffatt, 1986). NPC1 fusion proteins may be isolated from protein gels, lyophilized, ground into a powder and used as an antigen. The DNA sequence can also be transferred to other cloning vehicles, such as other plasmids, bacteriophages, cosmids, animal viruses and yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs) (Burke et al., 1987). These vectors may then be introduced into a variety of hosts including somatic cells, and simple or complex organisms, such as bacteria, fungi (Timberlake and Marshall, 1989), invertebrates, plants (Gasser and Fraley, 1989), and mammals (Pursel et al., 1989), which cell or organisms are rendered transgenic by the introduction of the heterologous NPC1 cDNA.

[0164] For expression in mammalian cells, the cDNA sequence may be ligated to heterologous promoters, such as the simian virus (SV)40, promoter in the pSV2 vector (Mulligan and Berg, 1981), and introduced into cells, such as monkey COS-1 cells (Gluzman, 1981 ), to achieve transient or long-term expression. The stable integration of the chimeric gene construct may be maintained in mammalian cells by biochemical selection, such as neomycin (Southern and Berg, 1982) and mycophoenolic acid (Mulligan and Berg, 1981).

[0165] DNA sequences can be manipulated with standard procedures such as restriction enzyme digestion, fill-in with DNA polymerase, deletion by exonuclease, extension by terminal deoxynucleotide transferase, ligation of synthetic or cloned DNA sequences, site-directed sequence-alteration via single-stranded bacteriophage intermediate or with the use of specific oligonucleotides in combination with PCR.

[0166] The cDNA sequence (or portions derived from it) or a mini gene (a cDNA with an intron and its own promoter) may be introduced into eukaryotic expression vectors by conventional techniques. These vectors are designed to permit the transcription of the cDNA eukaryotic cells by providing regulatory sequences that initiate and enhance the transcription of the cDNA and ensure its proper splicing and polyadenylation. Vectors containing the promoter and enhancer regions of the SV40 or long terminal repeat (LTR) of the Rous Sarcoma virus and polyadenylation and splicing signal from SV40 are readily available (Mulligan et al., 1981 ; Gorman et al., 1982). The level of expression of the cDNA can be manipulated with this type of vector, either by using promoters that have different activities (for example, the baculovirus pAC373 can express cDNAs at high levels in S. frugiperda cells (Summers and Smith, 1985) or by using vectors that contain promoters amenable to modulation, for example, the glucocorticoid-responsive promoter from the mouse mammary tumor virus (Lee et al, 1982). The expression of the cDNA can be monitored in the recipient cells 24 to 72 hours after introduction (transient expression).

[0167] In addition, some vectors contain selectable markers such as the gpt (Mulligan and Berg, 1981) or neo (Southern and Berg, 1982) bacterial genes. These selectable markers permit selection of transfected cells that exhibit stable, long-term expression of the vectors (and therefore the cDNA) The vectors can be maintained in the cells as episomal, freely replicating entities by using regulatory elements of viruses such as papilloma (Sarver et al., 1981) or Epstein-Barr (Sugden et al., 1985). Alternatively, one can also produce cell lines that have integrated the vector into genomic DNA. Both of these types of cell lines produce the gene product on a continuous basis. One can also produce cell lines that have amplified the number of copies of the vector (and therefore of the cDNA as well) to create cell lines that can produce high levels of the gene product (Alt et al., 1978).

[0168] The transfer of DNA into eukaryotic, in particular human or other mammalian cells, is now a conventional technique. The vectors are introduced into the recipient cells as pure DNA (transfection) by, for example, precipitation with calcium phosphate (Graham and vander Eb, 1973) or strontium phosphate (Brash et al., 1987), electroporation (Neumann et al., 1982), lipofection (Felgner et al., 1987), DEAE dextran (McCuthan et al., 1968), microinjection (Mueller et al., 1978), protoplast fusion (Schafner, 1980), or pellet guns (Klein et al., 1987). Alternatively, the cDNA can be introduced by infection with virus vectors. Systems are developed that use, for example, retroviruses (Bernstein et al., 1985), adenoviruses (Ahmad et al., 1986), or Herpes virus (Spaete et al., 1982).

[0169] These eukaryotic expression systems can be used for studies of the NPC1 gene and mutant forms of this gene, the NPC1 protein and mutant forms of this protein. Such uses include, for example, the identification of regulatory elements located in the 5′ region of the NPC1 gene on genomic clones that can be isolated from human genomic DNA libraries using the information contained in the present invention. The eukaryotic expression systems may also be used to study the function of the normal complete protein, specific portions of the protein, or of naturally occurring or artificially produced mutant proteins. Naturally occurring mutant proteins exist in patients with NP-C, while artificially produced mutant proteins can be designed by site directed mutagenesis as described above. These latter studies may probe the function of any desired amino acid residue in the protein by mutating the nucleotide coding for that amino acid.

[0170] Using the above techniques, the expression vectors containing the NPC1 gene or cDNA sequence or fragments or variants or mutants thereof can be introduced into human cells, mammalian cells from other species or non-mammalian cells as desired. The choice of cell is determined by the purpose of the treatment. For example, monkey COS cells (Gluzman, 1981) that produce high levels of the SV40 T antigen and permit the replication of vectors containing the SV40 origin of replication may be used. Similarly, Chinese hamster ovary (CHO), mouse NIH 3T3 fibroblasts or human fibroblasts or lymphoblasts may be used.

[0171] Expression of the NPC1 protein in eukaryotic cells may be used as a source of proteins to raise antibodies. The NPC1 protein may be extracted following release of the protein into the supernatant as described above, or, the cDNA sequence may be incorporated into a eukaryotic expression vector and expressed as a chimeric protein with, for example, β-globin Antibody to β-globin is thereafter used to purify the chimeric protein. Corresponding protease cleavage sites engineered between the β-globin gene and the cDNA are then used to separate the two polypeptide fragments from one another after translation. One useful expression vector for generating β-globin chimeric proteins is pSG5 (Stratagene). This vector encodes rabbit β-globin.

[0172] The recombinant cloning vector, according to this invention, then comprises the selected DNA of the DNA sequences of this invention for expression in a suitable host. The DNA is operatively linked in the vector to an expression control sequence in the recombinant DNA molecule so that the NPC1 polypeptide can be expressed. The expression control sequence may be selected from the group consisting of sequences that control the expression of genes of prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells and their viruses and combinations thereof. The expression control sequence may be specifically selected from the group consisting of the lac system, the trp system, the tac system, the trc system, major operator and promoter regions of phage lambda, the control region of fd coat protein, the early and late promoters of SV40, promoters derived from polyoma, adenovirus, retrovirus, baculovirus and simian virus, the promoter for 3-phosphoglycerate kinase, the promoters of yeast acid phosphatase, the promoter of the yeast alpha-mating factors and combinations thereof.

[0173] The host cell, which may be transfected with the vector of this invention, may be selected from the group consisting of bacteria; yeast; fungi; plant; insect; mouse or other animal; or human tissue cells.

[0174] It is appreciated that for mutant or variant DNA sequences, similar systems are employed to express and produce the mutant or variant product.

[0175] 9. Production of Anti-NPC1 Protein Antibodies

[0176] a. Production of an Antibody to NPC1 Protein

[0177] Monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies may be produced to either the normal NPC1 protein or mutant forms of this protein. Optimally, antibodies raised against the NPC1 protein will specifically detect the NPC1 protein. That is, antibodies raised against the hNPC1 protein would recognize and bind the hNPC1 protein and would not substantially recognize or bind to other proteins found in human cells. The determination that an antibody specifically detects an NPC1 protein is made by any one of a number of standard immunoassay methods; for instance, the Western blotting technique (Sambrook et al., 1 989). To determine that a given antibody preparation (such as one produced in a mouse against the hNPC1 protein) specifically detects the hNPC1 protein by Western blotting, total cellular protein is extracted from human cells (for example, lymphocytes) and electrophoresed on a sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel. The proteins are then transferred to a membrane (for example, nitrocellulose) by Western blotting, and the antibody preparation is incubated with the membrane. After washing the membrane to remove non-specifically bound antibodies, the presence of specifically bound antibodies is detected by the use of an anti-mouse antibody conjugated to an enzyme such as alkaline phosphatase; application of the substrate 5-bromo-4chloro-3-indolyl phosphate/nitro blue tetrazolium results in the production of a dense blue compound by immuno-localized alkaline phosphatase. Antibodies which specifically detect the hNPC1 protein will, by this technique, be shown to bind to the hNPC1 protein band (which will be localized at a given position on the gel determined by its molecular weight). Non-specific binding of the antibody to other proteins may occur and may be detectable as a weak signal on the Western blot. The non-specific nature of this binding will be recognized by one skilled in the art by the weak signal obtained on the Western blot relative to the strong primary signal arising from the specific antibody-hNPC1 protein binding.

[0178] Antibodies that specifically bind to an NPC1 protein belong to a class of molecules that are referred to herein as “specific binding agents.” Specific binding agents that are capable of specifically binding to an NPC1 protein may include polyclonal antibodies, monoclonal antibodies (including humanized monoclonal antibodies) and fragments of monoclonal antibodies such as Fab, F(ab′)2 and Fv fragments, as well as any other agent capable of specifically binding to an NPC1 protein.

[0179] Substantially pure NPC1 protein suitable for use as an immunogen is isolated from the transfected or transformed cells as described above. Concentration of protein in the final preparation is adjusted, for example, by concentration on an Amicon filter device, to the level of a few micrograms per milliliter. Monoclonal or polyclonal antibody to the protein can then be prepared as follows.

[0180] b. Monoclonal Antibody Production by Hybridoma Fusion

[0181] Monoclonal antibody to epitopes of the NPC1 protein identified and isolated as described can be prepared from murine hybridomas according to the classical method of Kohler and Milstein (1975) or derivative methods thereof. Briefly, a mouse is repetitively inoculated with a few micrograms of the selected protein over a period of a few weeks. The mouse is then sacrificed, and the antibody-producing cells of the spleen isolated. The spleen cells are fused by means of polyethylene glycol with mouse myeloma cells, and the excess unfused cells destroyed by growth of the system on selective media comprising aminopterin (HAT media). The successfully fused cells are diluted and aliquots of the dilution placed in wells of a microtiter plate where growth of the culture is continued. Antibody-producing clones are identified by detection of antibody in the supernatant fluid of the wells by immunoassay procedures, such as ELISA, as originally described by Engvall (1980), and derivative methods thereof. Selected positive clones can be expanded and their monoclonal antibody product harvested for use Detailed procedures for monoclonal antibody production are described in Harlow and Lane (1988). In addition, protocols for producing humanized forms of monoclonal antibodies (for therapeutic applications) and fragments of monoclonal antibodies are known in the art.

[0182] c. Polyclonal Antibody Production by Immunization

[0183] Polyclonal antiserum containing antibodies to heterogenous epitopes of a single protein can be prepared by immunizing suitable animals with the expressed protein, which can be unmodified or modified to enhance immunogenicity. Effective polyclonal antibody production is affected by many factors related both to the antigen and the host species. For example, small molecules tend to be less immunogenic than others and may require the use of carriers and adjuvant. Also, host animals vary in response to site of inoculations and dose, with both inadequate or excessive doses of antigen resulting in low titer antisera. Small doses (ng level) of antigen administered at multiple intradermal sites appears to be most reliable. An effective immunization protocol for rabbits can be found in Vaitukaitis et al. (1971).

[0184] Booster injections can be given at regular intervals, and antiserum harvested when antibody titer thereof, as determined semi-quantitatively, for example, by double immunodiffusion in agar against known concentrations of the antigen, begins to fall. See, for example, Ouchterlony et al (1973). Plateau concentration of antibody is usually in the range of 0.1 to 0.2 mg/ml of serum (about 12 μM). Affinity of the antisera for the antigen is determined by preparing competitive binding curves, as described, for example, by Fisher (1980).

[0185] d. Antibodies Raised Against Synthetic Peptides

[0186] A third approach to raising antibodies against the NPC1 protein is to use synthetic peptides synthesized on a commercially available peptide synthesizer based upon the predicted amino acid sequence of the NPC1 protein.

[0187] c. Antibodies Raised by Injection of NPC1 cDNA

[0188] Antibodies may be raised against the NPC1 protein by subcutaneous injection of a DNA vector which expresses the NPC1 pain into laboratory animals, such as mice. Delivery of the recombinant vector into the animals may be achieved using a hand-held form of the Biolistic system (Sanford et al., 1987) as described by Tang et al. (1992) Expression vectors suitable for this purpose may include those which express the NPC1 cDNA under the transcriptional control of either the human β-actin promoter or the cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter

[0189] Antibody preparations prepared according to these protocols are useful in quantitative immunoassays which determine concentrations of antigen-bearing substances in biological samples; they are also used semi-quantitatively or qualitatively to identify the presence of antigen in a biological sample.

[0190] 10. Use of NPC1 Nucleotide Sequences for Diagnosis of NP-C Carriers and Sufferers

[0191] One major application of the hNPC1 cDNA sequence information presented herein is in the area of genetic testing, carrier detection and prenatal diagnosis for NP-C. Individuals carrying mutations in the hNPC1 gene (disease carrier or patients) may be detected at the DNA level with the use of a variety of techniques. For such a diagnostic procedure, a biological sample of the subject, containing either DNA or RNA derived from the subject, is assayed for the presence of a mutant hNPC1 gene Suitable biological samples include samples containing genomic DNA or RNA obtained from body cells, such as those present in peripheral blood, urine, saliva, tissue biopsy, surgical specimen, amniocentesis samples and autopsy material. The detection of mutations in the hNPC1 gene may be detected using the SSCP analysis as described in Section 3(c). The detection in the biological sample of either a mutant hNPC1 gene or a mutant hNPC1 RNA may also be performed by a number of other methodologies known in the art, as outlined below.

[0192] One suitable detection techniques is the polymerase chain reaction amplification of reverse transcribed RNA (RT-PCR) of RNA isolated from lymphocytes followed by direct DNA sequence determination of the products. The presence of one or more nucleotide difference between the obtained sequence and the hNPC1 cDNA sequence presented herein, and especially, differences in the ORF portion of the nucleotide sequence are taken as indicative of a potential hNPC1 gene mutation. The effect of such nucleotide differences may be determined by engineering the nucleotide differences into the hNPC1 cDNA through standard mutagenesis techniques and then assaying the effect of this mutant cDNA by filipin staining when transiently introduced into NP-C cells. If the cells show normal filipin staining (i.e., the same staining patterns as observed in non-NP0C cells) then the observed nucleotide differences are regarded as “neutral,” and the patient is not classified as an NP-C carrier or sufferer on the basis of this nucleotide difference. On the other hand, if the altered cDNA does not restore normal filipin staining to the NP-C cells, the nucleotide difference is regarded as a mutation rather than a natural difference, the protein is an aberrant (or mutant) NPC1 gene product and the patient is classified as an NP-C sufferer or carrier.

[0193] Because of the diploid nature of the human genome, both copies of the hNPC1 gene need to be examined to distinguish between NP-C carriers and NP-C sufferers. If a single copy of the hNPC1 gene is found to be mutated and the other copy is “normal,” then the subject is classified as an NP-C carrier or heterozygote. If both copies of the hNPC1 gene are found to be mutated and do not restore normal filipin staining to NP-C cells when transiently expressed in those cells, then the subject is classified as an NP-C sufferer.

[0194] Alternatively, DNA extracted from lymphocytes or other cells may be used directly for amplification. The direct amplification from genomic DNA would be appropriate for analysis of the entire hNPC1 gene including regulatory sequences located upstream and downstream from the open reading frame. Reviews of direct DNA diagnosis have been presented by Caskey (1989) and by Landegren et al. (1989).

[0195] Further studies of hNPC1 genes isolated from NP-C patients may reveal particular mutations which occur at a high frequency within this population of individuals. In this case, rather than sequencing the entire hNPC1 gene, it may be possible to design DNA diagnostic methods to specifically detect the most common mutations.

[0196] The detection of specific DNA mutations may be achieved by methods such as hybridization using specific oligonucleotides (Wallace et al., 1986), direct DNA sequencing (Church and Gilbert, 1988), the use of restriction enzymes (Flavell et al., 1978; Geever et al., 1981), discrimination on the basis of elcctrophoretic mobility in gels with denaturing reagent (Myers and Maniatis, 1986), RNase protection (Myers et al., 1985), chemical cleavage (Cotton et al., 1985), and the ligase-mediated detection procedure (Landegren et al., 1988).

[0197] By way of example, oligonucleotides specific to normal or mutant sequences may be chemically synthesized using commercially available machines, labelled radioactively with isotopes (such as ³²P) or non-radioactively (with tags such as biotin (Ward and Langer et al., 1981), and hybridized to individual DNA samples immobilized on membranes or other solid supports by dot-blot or transfer from gels after electrophoresis. The presence or absence of these specific sequences may then visualized by methods such as autoradiography or fluorometric (Landegren, et al., 1989) or colorimetric reactions (Gebeyehu et al., 1987).

[0198] Sequence differences between normal and mutant forms of that gene may also be revealed by the direct DNA sequencing method of Church and Gilbert (1988). Cloned DNA segments may be used as probes to detect specific DNA segments. The sensitivity of this method is greatly enhanced when combined with PCR (Wrichnik et al., 1987; Wong et al., 1987; Stoflet et al., 1988). In this approach, a sequencing primer which lies within the amplified sequence is used with double-stranded PCR product or single-stranded template generated by a modified PCR. The sequence determination is performed by conventional procedures with radiolabeled nucleotides or by automatic sequencing procedures with fluorescent tags.

[0199] Sequence alterations may occasionally generate fortuitous restriction enzyme recognition sites or may eliminate existing restriction sites. Changes in restriction sites are revealed by the use of appropriate enzyme digestion followed by conventional gel-blot hybridization (Southern, 1975). DNA fragments carrying the site (either normal or mutant) are detected by their reduction in size or increase of corresponding restriction fragment numbers. Genomic DNA samples may also be amplified by PCR prior to treatment with the appropriate restriction enzyme; fragments of different sizes are then visualized under UV light in the presence of ethidium bromide after gel electrophoresis.

[0200] Genetic testing based on DNA sequence differences may be achieved by detection of alteration in electrophoretic mobility of DNA fragments in gels with or without denaturing reagent. Small sequence deletions and insertions can be visualized by high-resolution gel electrophoresis. For example, a PCR product with small deletions is clearly distinguishable from a normal sequence on an 8% non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel (Nagamine et al., 1989). DNA fragments of different sequence compositions may be distinguished on denaturing formamide gradient gels in which the mobilities of different DNA fragments are retarded in the gel at different positions according to their specific “partial-melting” temperatures (Myers et al., 1985). Alternatively, a method of detecting a mutation comprising a single base substitution or other small change could be based on differential primer length in a PCR. For example, an invariant primer could be used in addition to a primer specific for a mutation. The PCR products of the normal and mutant genes can then be differentially detected in acrylamide gels.

[0201] In addition to conventional gel-electrophoresis and blot-hybridization methods, DNA fragments may also be visualized by methods where the individual DNA samples are not immobilized on membranes. The probe and target sequences may be both in solution, or the probe sequence may be immobilized (Saiki et al., 1989). A variety of detection methods, such as autoradiography involving radioisotopes, direct detection of radioactive decay (in the presence or absence of scintillant), spectrophotometry involving calorigenic reactions and fluorometry involved fluorogenic reactions, may be used to identify specific individual genotypes.

[0202] If more than one mutation is frequently encountered in the hNPC1 gene, a system capable of detecting such multiple mutations would be desirable. For example, a PCR with multiple, specific oligonucleotide primers and hybridization probes may be used to identify all possible mutations at the same time (Chamberlain et al., 1988). The procedure may involve immobilized sequence-specific oligonucleotides probes (Saiki et al., 1989).

[0203] One method that is expected to be particularly suitable for detecting mutations in the NPC1 gene is the use of high density oligonuceolotide arrays (also known as “DNA chips”) as described by Hacia et al. (1996).

[0204] 11. Quantitation of NPC1 Protein

[0205] An alternative method of diagnosing NP-C sufferers or NP-C carrier status may be to quantitate the level of NPC1 protein in the cells of an individual. This diagnostic tool would be useful for detecting reduced levels of the NPC1 protein which result from, for example, mutations in the promoter regions of the NPC1 gene or mutations within the coding region of the gene which produced truncated, non-functional polypeptides. The determination of reduced NPC1 protein levels would be an alternative or supplemental approach to the direct determination of NP-C status by nucleotide sequence determination outlined above. The availability of antibodies specific to the NPC1 protein would allow the quantitation of cellular NPC1 protein by one of a number of immunoassay methods which are well known in the art and are presented in Harlow and Lane (1988). Such assays permit both the detection of NPC1 protein in a biological sample and the quantitation of such protein. Typical methods involve combining the biological sample with an NPC1 specific binding agent, such as an anti-NPC1 protein antibody so that complexes form between the binding agent and the NPC1 protein present in the sample, and then detecting or quantitating such complexes.

[0206] In particular forms, these assays may be performed with the NPC1 specific binding agent immobilized on a support surface, such as in the wells of a microtiter plate or on a column. The biological sample is then introduced onto the support surface and allowed to interact with the specific binding agent so as to form complexes. Excess biological sample is then removed by washing, and the complexes are detected with a reagent, such as a second anti-NPC1 protein antibody that is conjugated with a detectable marker.

[0207] For the purposes of quantitating the NPC1 protein, a biological sample of the subject, which sample includes cellular proteins, is required. Such a biological sample may be obtained from body cells, such as those present in peripheral blood, urine, saliva, tissue biopsy, amniocentesis samples, surgical specimens and autopsy material. Quantitation of NPC1 protein would be made by immunoassay and compared to levels of the protein found in non-NP-C human cells. A significant (preferably 50% or greater) reduction in the amount of NPC1 protein in the cells of a subject compared to the amount of NPC1 protein found in non-NP-C human cells would be taken as an indication that the subject may be an NP-C sufferer or NP-C carrier.

[0208] Having illustrated and described the principles of isolating the human NP-C gene and its murine homolog, the proteins encoded by these genes and modes of use of these biological molecules, it should be apparent to one skilled in the art that the invention can be modified in arrangement and detail without departing from such principles. We claim all modifications coming within the spirit and scope of the claims presented herein.

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1 13 1 4550 DNA Homo sapiens CDS (1)..(3837) 1 atg acc gct cgc ggc ctg gcc ctt ggc ctc ctc ctg ctg cta ctg tgt 48 Met Thr Ala Arg Gly Leu Ala Leu Gly Leu Leu Leu Leu Leu Leu Cys 1 5 10 15 cca gcg cag gtg ttt tca cag tcc tgt gtt tgg tat gga gag tgt gga 96 Pro Ala Gln Val Phe Ser Gln Ser Cys Val Trp Tyr Gly Glu Cys Gly 20 25 30 att gca tat ggg gac aag agg tac aat tgc gaa tat tct ggc cca cca 144 Ile Ala Tyr Gly Asp Lys Arg Tyr Asn Cys Glu Tyr Ser Gly Pro Pro 35 40 45 aaa cca ttg cca aag gat gga tat gac tta gtg cag gaa ctc tgt cca 192 Lys Pro Leu Pro Lys Asp Gly Tyr Asp Leu Val Gln Glu Leu Cys Pro 50 55 60 gga ttc ttc ttt ggc aat gtc agt ctc tgt tgt gat gtt cgg cag ctt 240 Gly Phe Phe Phe Gly Asn Val Ser Leu Cys Cys Asp Val Arg Gln Leu 65 70 75 80 cag aca cta aaa gac aac ctg cag ctg cct cta cag ttt ctg tcc aga 288 Gln Thr Leu Lys Asp Asn Leu Gln Leu Pro Leu Gln Phe Leu Ser Arg 85 90 95 tgt cca tcc tgt ttt tat aac cta ctg aac ctg ttt tgt gag ctg aca 336 Cys Pro Ser Cys Phe Tyr Asn Leu Leu Asn Leu Phe Cys Glu Leu Thr 100 105 110 tgt agc cct cga cag agt cag ttt ttg aat gtt aca gct act gaa gat 384 Cys Ser Pro Arg Gln Ser Gln Phe Leu Asn Val Thr Ala Thr Glu Asp 115 120 125 tat gtt gat cct gtt aca aac cag acg aaa aca aat gtg aaa gag tta 432 Tyr Val Asp Pro Val Thr Asn Gln Thr Lys Thr Asn Val Lys Glu Leu 130 135 140 caa tac tac gtc gga cag agt ttt gcc aat gca atg tac aat gcc tgc 480 Gln Tyr Tyr Val Gly Gln Ser Phe Ala Asn Ala Met Tyr Asn Ala Cys 145 150 155 160 cgg gat gtg gag gcc ccc tca agt aat gac aag gcc ctg gga ctc ctg 528 Arg Asp Val Glu Ala Pro Ser Ser Asn Asp Lys Ala Leu Gly Leu Leu 165 170 175 tgt ggg aag gac gct gac gcc tgt aat gcc acc aac tgg att gaa tac 576 Cys Gly Lys Asp Ala Asp Ala Cys Asn Ala Thr Asn Trp Ile Glu Tyr 180 185 190 atg ttc aat aag gac aat gga cag gca cct ttt acc atc act cct gtg 624 Met Phe Asn Lys Asp Asn Gly Gln Ala Pro Phe Thr Ile Thr Pro Val 195 200 205 ttt tca gat ttt cca gtc cat ggg atg gag ccc atg aac aat gcc acc 672 Phe Ser Asp Phe Pro Val His Gly Met Glu Pro Met Asn Asn Ala Thr 210 215 220 aaa ggc tgt gac gag tct gtg gat gag gtc aca gca cca tgt agc tgc 720 Lys Gly Cys Asp Glu Ser Val Asp Glu Val Thr Ala Pro Cys Ser Cys 225 230 235 240 caa gac tgc tct att gtc tgt ggc ccc aag ccc cag ccc cca cct cct 768 Gln Asp Cys Ser Ile Val Cys Gly Pro Lys Pro Gln Pro Pro Pro Pro 245 250 255 cct gct ccc tgg acg atc ctt ggc ttg gac gcc atg tat gtc atc atg 816 Pro Ala Pro Trp Thr Ile Leu Gly Leu Asp Ala Met Tyr Val Ile Met 260 265 270 tgg atc acc tac atg gcg ttt ttg ctt gtg ttt ttt gga gca ttt ttt 864 Trp Ile Thr Tyr Met Ala Phe Leu Leu Val Phe Phe Gly Ala Phe Phe 275 280 285 gca gtg tgg tgc tac aga aaa cgg tat ttt gtc tcc gag tac act ccc 912 Ala Val Trp Cys Tyr Arg Lys Arg Tyr Phe Val Ser Glu Tyr Thr Pro 290 295 300 atc gat agc aat ata gct ttt tct gtt aat gca agt gac aaa gga gag 960 Ile Asp Ser Asn Ile Ala Phe Ser Val Asn Ala Ser Asp Lys Gly Glu 305 310 315 320 gcg tcc tgc tgt gac cct gtc agc gca gca ttt gag ggc tgc ttg agg 1008 Ala Ser Cys Cys Asp Pro Val Ser Ala Ala Phe Glu Gly Cys Leu Arg 325 330 335 cgg ctg ttc aca cgc tgg ggg tct ttc tgc gtc cga aac cct ggc tgt 1056 Arg Leu Phe Thr Arg Trp Gly Ser Phe Cys Val Arg Asn Pro Gly Cys 340 345 350 gtc att ttc ttc tcg ctg gtc ttc att act gcg tgt tcg tca ggc ctg 1104 Val Ile Phe Phe Ser Leu Val Phe Ile Thr Ala Cys Ser Ser Gly Leu 355 360 365 gtg ttt gtc cgg gtc aca acc aat cca gtt gac ctc tgg tca gcc ccc 1152 Val Phe Val Arg Val Thr Thr Asn Pro Val Asp Leu Trp Ser Ala Pro 370 375 380 agc agc cag gct cgc ctg gaa aaa gag tac ttt gac cag cac ttt ggg 1200 Ser Ser Gln Ala Arg Leu Glu Lys Glu Tyr Phe Asp Gln His Phe Gly 385 390 395 400 cct ttc ttc cgg acg gag cag ctc atc atc cgg gcc cct ctc act gac 1248 Pro Phe Phe Arg Thr Glu Gln Leu Ile Ile Arg Ala Pro Leu Thr Asp 405 410 415 aaa cac att tac cag cca tac cct tcg gga gct gat gta ccc ttt gga 1296 Lys His Ile Tyr Gln Pro Tyr Pro Ser Gly Ala Asp Val Pro Phe Gly 420 425 430 cct ccg ctt gac ata cag ata ctg cac cag gtt ctt gac tta caa ata 1344 Pro Pro Leu Asp Ile Gln Ile Leu His Gln Val Leu Asp Leu Gln Ile 435 440 445 gcc atc gaa aac att act gcc tct tat gac aat gag act gtg aca ctt 1392 Ala Ile Glu Asn Ile Thr Ala Ser Tyr Asp Asn Glu Thr Val Thr Leu 450 455 460 caa gac atc tgc ttg gcc cct ctt tca ccg tat aac acg aac tgc acc 1440 Gln Asp Ile Cys Leu Ala Pro Leu Ser Pro Tyr Asn Thr Asn Cys Thr 465 470 475 480 att ttg agt gtg tta aat tac ttc cag aac agc cat tcc gtg ctg gac 1488 Ile Leu Ser Val Leu Asn Tyr Phe Gln Asn Ser His Ser Val Leu Asp 485 490 495 cac aag aaa ggg gac gac ttc ttt gtg tat gcc gat tac cac acg cac 1536 His Lys Lys Gly Asp Asp Phe Phe Val Tyr Ala Asp Tyr His Thr His 500 505 510 ttt ctg tac tgc gta cgg gct cct gcc tct ctg aat gat aca agt ttg 1584 Phe Leu Tyr Cys Val Arg Ala Pro Ala Ser Leu Asn Asp Thr Ser Leu 515 520 525 ctc cat gac cct tgt ctg ggt acg ttt ggt gga cca gtg ttc ccg tgg 1632 Leu His Asp Pro Cys Leu Gly Thr Phe Gly Gly Pro Val Phe Pro Trp 530 535 540 ctt gtg ttg gga ggc tat gat gat caa aac tac aat aac gcc act gcc 1680 Leu Val Leu Gly Gly Tyr Asp Asp Gln Asn Tyr Asn Asn Ala Thr Ala 545 550 555 560 ctt gtg att acc ttc cct gtc aat aat tac tat aat gat aca gag aag 1728 Leu Val Ile Thr Phe Pro Val Asn Asn Tyr Tyr Asn Asp Thr Glu Lys 565 570 575 ctc cag agg gcc cag gcc tgg gaa aaa gag ttt att aat ttt gtg aaa 1776 Leu Gln Arg Ala Gln Ala Trp Glu Lys Glu Phe Ile Asn Phe Val Lys 580 585 590 aac tac aag aat ccc aat ctg acc att tcc ttc act gct gaa cga agt 1824 Asn Tyr Lys Asn Pro Asn Leu Thr Ile Ser Phe Thr Ala Glu Arg Ser 595 600 605 att gaa gat gaa cta aat cgt gaa agt gac agt gat gtc ttc acc gtt 1872 Ile Glu Asp Glu Leu Asn Arg Glu Ser Asp Ser Asp Val Phe Thr Val 610 615 620 gta att agc tat gcc atc atg ttt cta tat att tcc cta gcc ttg ggg 1920 Val Ile Ser Tyr Ala Ile Met Phe Leu Tyr Ile Ser Leu Ala Leu Gly 625 630 635 640 cac atc aaa agc tgt cgc agg ctt ctg gtg gat tcg aag gtc tca cta 1968 His Ile Lys Ser Cys Arg Arg Leu Leu Val Asp Ser Lys Val Ser Leu 645 650 655 ggc atc gcg ggc atc ttg atc gtg ctg agc tcg gtg gct tgc tcc ttg 2016 Gly Ile Ala Gly Ile Leu Ile Val Leu Ser Ser Val Ala Cys Ser Leu 660 665 670 ggt gtc ttc agc tac att ggg ttg ccc ttg acc ctc att gtg att gaa 2064 Gly Val Phe Ser Tyr Ile Gly Leu Pro Leu Thr Leu Ile Val Ile Glu 675 680 685 gtc atc ccg ttc ctg gtg ctg gct gtt gga gtg gac aac atc ttc att 2112 Val Ile Pro Phe Leu Val Leu Ala Val Gly Val Asp Asn Ile Phe Ile 690 695 700 ctg gtg cag gcc tac cag aga gat gaa cgt ctt caa ggg gaa acc ctg 2160 Leu Val Gln Ala Tyr Gln Arg Asp Glu Arg Leu Gln Gly Glu Thr Leu 705 710 715 720 gat cag cag ctg ggc agg gtc cta gga gaa gtg gct ccc agt atg ttc 2208 Asp Gln Gln Leu Gly Arg Val Leu Gly Glu Val Ala Pro Ser Met Phe 725 730 735 ctg tca tcc ttt tct gag act gta gca ttt ttc tta gga gca ttg tcc 2256 Leu Ser Ser Phe Ser Glu Thr Val Ala Phe Phe Leu Gly Ala Leu Ser 740 745 750 gtg atg cca gcc gtg cac acc ttc tct ctc ttt gcg gga ttg gca gtc 2304 Val Met Pro Ala Val His Thr Phe Ser Leu Phe Ala Gly Leu Ala Val 755 760 765 ttc att gac ttt ctt ctg cag att acc tgt ttc gtg agt ctc ttg ggg 2352 Phe Ile Asp Phe Leu Leu Gln Ile Thr Cys Phe Val Ser Leu Leu Gly 770 775 780 tta gac att aaa cgt caa gag aaa aat cgg cta gac atc ttt tgc tgt 2400 Leu Asp Ile Lys Arg Gln Glu Lys Asn Arg Leu Asp Ile Phe Cys Cys 785 790 795 800 gtc aga ggt gct gaa gat gga aca agc gtc cag gcc tca gag agc tgt 2448 Val Arg Gly Ala Glu Asp Gly Thr Ser Val Gln Ala Ser Glu Ser Cys 805 810 815 ttg ttt cgc ttc ttc aaa aac tcc tat tct cca ctt ctg cta aag gac 2496 Leu Phe Arg Phe Phe Lys Asn Ser Tyr Ser Pro Leu Leu Leu Lys Asp 820 825 830 tgg atg aga cca att gtg ata gca ata ttt gtg ggt gtt ctg tca ttc 2544 Trp Met Arg Pro Ile Val Ile Ala Ile Phe Val Gly Val Leu Ser Phe 835 840 845 agc atc gca gtc ctg aac aaa gta gat att gga ttg gat cag tct ctt 2592 Ser Ile Ala Val Leu Asn Lys Val Asp Ile Gly Leu Asp Gln Ser Leu 850 855 860 tcg atg cca gat gac tcc tac atg gtg gat tat ttc aaa tcc atc agt 2640 Ser Met Pro Asp Asp Ser Tyr Met Val Asp Tyr Phe Lys Ser Ile Ser 865 870 875 880 cag tac ctg cat gcg ggt ccg cct gtg tac ttt gtc ctg gag gaa ggg 2688 Gln Tyr Leu His Ala Gly Pro Pro Val Tyr Phe Val Leu Glu Glu Gly 885 890 895 cac gac tac act tct tcc aag ggg cag aac atg gtg tgc ggc ggc atg 2736 His Asp Tyr Thr Ser Ser Lys Gly Gln Asn Met Val Cys Gly Gly Met 900 905 910 ggc tgc aac aat gat tcc ctg gtg cag cag ata ttt aac gcg gcg cag 2784 Gly Cys Asn Asn Asp Ser Leu Val Gln Gln Ile Phe Asn Ala Ala Gln 915 920 925 ctg gac aac tat acc cga ata ggc ttc gcc ccc tcg tcc tgg atc gac 2832 Leu Asp Asn Tyr Thr Arg Ile Gly Phe Ala Pro Ser Ser Trp Ile Asp 930 935 940 gat tat ttc gac tgg gtg aag cca cag tcg tct tgc tgt cga gtg gac 2880 Asp Tyr Phe Asp Trp Val Lys Pro Gln Ser Ser Cys Cys Arg Val Asp 945 950 955 960 aat atc act gac cag ttc tgc aat gct tca gtg gtt gac cct gcc tgc 2928 Asn Ile Thr Asp Gln Phe Cys Asn Ala Ser Val Val Asp Pro Ala Cys 965 970 975 gtt cgc tgc agg cct ctg act ccg gaa ggc aaa cag agg cct cag ggg 2976 Val Arg Cys Arg Pro Leu Thr Pro Glu Gly Lys Gln Arg Pro Gln Gly 980 985 990 gga gac ttc atg aga ttc ctg ccc atg ttc ctt tcg gat aac cct aac 3024 Gly Asp Phe Met Arg Phe Leu Pro Met Phe Leu Ser Asp Asn Pro Asn 995 1000 1005 ccc aag tgt ggc aaa ggg gga cat gct gcc tat agt tct gca gtt aac 3072 Pro Lys Cys Gly Lys Gly Gly His Ala Ala Tyr Ser Ser Ala Val Asn 1010 1015 1020 atc ctc ctt ggc cat ggc acc agg gtc gga gcc acg tac ttc atg acc 3120 Ile Leu Leu Gly His Gly Thr Arg Val Gly Ala Thr Tyr Phe Met Thr 1025 1030 1035 1040 tac cac acc gtg ctg cag acc tct gct gac ttt att gac gct ctg aag 3168 Tyr His Thr Val Leu Gln Thr Ser Ala Asp Phe Ile Asp Ala Leu Lys 1045 1050 1055 aaa gcc cga ctt ata gcc agt aat gtc acc gaa acc atg ggc att aac 3216 Lys Ala Arg Leu Ile Ala Ser Asn Val Thr Glu Thr Met Gly Ile Asn 1060 1065 1070 ggc agt gcc tac cga gta ttt cct tac agt gtg ttt tat gtc ttc tac 3264 Gly Ser Ala Tyr Arg Val Phe Pro Tyr Ser Val Phe Tyr Val Phe Tyr 1075 1080 1085 gaa cag tac ctg acc atc att gac gac act atc ttc aac ctc ggt gtg 3312 Glu Gln Tyr Leu Thr Ile Ile Asp Asp Thr Ile Phe Asn Leu Gly Val 1090 1095 1100 tcc ctg ggc gcg ata ttt ctg gtg acc atg gtc ctc ctg ggc tgt gag 3360 Ser Leu Gly Ala Ile Phe Leu Val Thr Met Val Leu Leu Gly Cys Glu 1105 1110 1115 1120 ctc tgg tct gca gtc atc atg tgt gcc acc atc gcc atg gtc ttg gtc 3408 Leu Trp Ser Ala Val Ile Met Cys Ala Thr Ile Ala Met Val Leu Val 1125 1130 1135 aac atg ttt gga gtt atg tgg ctc tgg ggc atc agt ctg aac gct gta 3456 Asn Met Phe Gly Val Met Trp Leu Trp Gly Ile Ser Leu Asn Ala Val 1140 1145 1150 tcc ttg gtc aac ctg gtg atg agc tgt ggc atc tcc gtg gag ttc tgc 3504 Ser Leu Val Asn Leu Val Met Ser Cys Gly Ile Ser Val Glu Phe Cys 1155 1160 1165 agc cac ata acc aga gcg ttc acg gtg agc atg aaa ggc agc cgc gtg 3552 Ser His Ile Thr Arg Ala Phe Thr Val Ser Met Lys Gly Ser Arg Val 1170 1175 1180 gag cgc gcg gaa gag gca ctt gcc cac atg ggc agc tcc gtg ttc agt 3600 Glu Arg Ala Glu Glu Ala Leu Ala His Met Gly Ser Ser Val Phe Ser 1185 1190 1195 1200 gga atc aca ctt aca aaa ttt gga ggg att gtg gtg ttg gct ttt gcc 3648 Gly Ile Thr Leu Thr Lys Phe Gly Gly Ile Val Val Leu Ala Phe Ala 1205 1210 1215 aaa tct caa att ttc cag ata ttc tac ttc agg atg tat ttg gcc atg 3696 Lys Ser Gln Ile Phe Gln Ile Phe Tyr Phe Arg Met Tyr Leu Ala Met 1220 1225 1230 gtc tta ctg gga gcc act cac gga tta ata ttt ctc cct gtc tta ctc 3744 Val Leu Leu Gly Ala Thr His Gly Leu Ile Phe Leu Pro Val Leu Leu 1235 1240 1245 agt tac ata ggg cca tca gta aat aaa gcc aaa agt tgt gcc act gaa 3792 Ser Tyr Ile Gly Pro Ser Val Asn Lys Ala Lys Ser Cys Ala Thr Glu 1250 1255 1260 gag cga tac aaa gga aca gag cgc gaa cgg ctt cta aat ttc tag 3837 Glu Arg Tyr Lys Gly Thr Glu Arg Glu Arg Leu Leu Asn Phe 1265 1270 1275 ccctctcgca gggcatcctg actgaactgt gtctaagggt cggtcggttt accactggac 3897 gggtgctgca tcggcaaggc caagttgaac accggatggt gccaaccatc ggttgtttgg 3957 cagcagcttt gaacgtagcg cctgtgaact caggaatgca cagttgactt gggaagcagt 4017 attactagat ctggaggcaa ccacaggaca ctaaacttct cccagcctct tcaggaaaga 4077 aacctcattc tttggcaagc aggaggtgac actagatggc tgtgaatgtg atccgctcac 4137 tgacactctg taaaggccaa tcaatgcact gtctgtcctc tcctttttag gagtaagcca 4197 tcccacaagt tctataccat atttttagtg acagttgagg ttgtagatac actttataac 4257 attttatagt ttaaagagct ttattaatgc aataaattaa ctttgtacac atttttatat 4317 aaaaaaacag caagtgattt cagaatgttg taggcctcat tagagcttgg tctccaaaaa 4377 tctgtttgaa aaaagcaaca tgttcttcac agtgttcccc tagaaaggaa gagatttaat 4437 tgccagttag atgtggcatg aaatgaggga caaagaaagc atctcgtagg tgtgtctact 4497 gggttttaac ttatttttct ttaataaaat acattgtttt cctaaaaaaa aaa 4550 2 1278 PRT Homo sapiens 2 Met Thr Ala Arg Gly Leu Ala Leu Gly Leu Leu Leu Leu Leu Leu Cys 1 5 10 15 Pro Ala Gln Val Phe Ser Gln Ser Cys Val Trp Tyr Gly Glu Cys Gly 20 25 30 Ile Ala Tyr Gly Asp Lys Arg Tyr Asn Cys Glu Tyr Ser Gly Pro Pro 35 40 45 Lys Pro Leu Pro Lys Asp Gly Tyr Asp Leu Val Gln Glu Leu Cys Pro 50 55 60 Gly Phe Phe Phe Gly Asn Val Ser Leu Cys Cys Asp Val Arg Gln Leu 65 70 75 80 Gln Thr Leu Lys Asp Asn Leu Gln Leu Pro Leu Gln Phe Leu Ser Arg 85 90 95 Cys Pro Ser Cys Phe Tyr Asn Leu Leu Asn Leu Phe Cys Glu Leu Thr 100 105 110 Cys Ser Pro Arg Gln Ser Gln Phe Leu Asn Val Thr Ala Thr Glu Asp 115 120 125 Tyr Val Asp Pro Val Thr Asn Gln Thr Lys Thr Asn Val Lys Glu Leu 130 135 140 Gln Tyr Tyr Val Gly Gln Ser Phe Ala Asn Ala Met Tyr Asn Ala Cys 145 150 155 160 Arg Asp Val Glu Ala Pro Ser Ser Asn Asp Lys Ala Leu Gly Leu Leu 165 170 175 Cys Gly Lys Asp Ala Asp Ala Cys Asn Ala Thr Asn Trp Ile Glu Tyr 180 185 190 Met Phe Asn Lys Asp Asn Gly Gln Ala Pro Phe Thr Ile Thr Pro Val 195 200 205 Phe Ser Asp Phe Pro Val His Gly Met Glu Pro Met Asn Asn Ala Thr 210 215 220 Lys Gly Cys Asp Glu Ser Val Asp Glu Val Thr Ala Pro Cys Ser Cys 225 230 235 240 Gln Asp Cys Ser Ile Val Cys Gly Pro Lys Pro Gln Pro Pro Pro Pro 245 250 255 Pro Ala Pro Trp Thr Ile Leu Gly Leu Asp Ala Met Tyr Val Ile Met 260 265 270 Trp Ile Thr Tyr Met Ala Phe Leu Leu Val Phe Phe Gly Ala Phe Phe 275 280 285 Ala Val Trp Cys Tyr Arg Lys Arg Tyr Phe Val Ser Glu Tyr Thr Pro 290 295 300 Ile Asp Ser Asn Ile Ala Phe Ser Val Asn Ala Ser Asp Lys Gly Glu 305 310 315 320 Ala Ser Cys Cys Asp Pro Val Ser Ala Ala Phe Glu Gly Cys Leu Arg 325 330 335 Arg Leu Phe Thr Arg Trp Gly Ser Phe Cys Val Arg Asn Pro Gly Cys 340 345 350 Val Ile Phe Phe Ser Leu Val Phe Ile Thr Ala Cys Ser Ser Gly Leu 355 360 365 Val Phe Val Arg Val Thr Thr Asn Pro Val Asp Leu Trp Ser Ala Pro 370 375 380 Ser Ser Gln Ala Arg Leu Glu Lys Glu Tyr Phe Asp Gln His Phe Gly 385 390 395 400 Pro Phe Phe Arg Thr Glu Gln Leu Ile Ile Arg Ala Pro Leu Thr Asp 405 410 415 Lys His Ile Tyr Gln Pro Tyr Pro Ser Gly Ala Asp Val Pro Phe Gly 420 425 430 Pro Pro Leu Asp Ile Gln Ile Leu His Gln Val Leu Asp Leu Gln Ile 435 440 445 Ala Ile Glu Asn Ile Thr Ala Ser Tyr Asp Asn Glu Thr Val Thr Leu 450 455 460 Gln Asp Ile Cys Leu Ala Pro Leu Ser Pro Tyr Asn Thr Asn Cys Thr 465 470 475 480 Ile Leu Ser Val Leu Asn Tyr Phe Gln Asn Ser His Ser Val Leu Asp 485 490 495 His Lys Lys Gly Asp Asp Phe Phe Val Tyr Ala Asp Tyr His Thr His 500 505 510 Phe Leu Tyr Cys Val Arg Ala Pro Ala Ser Leu Asn Asp Thr Ser Leu 515 520 525 Leu His Asp Pro Cys Leu Gly Thr Phe Gly Gly Pro Val Phe Pro Trp 530 535 540 Leu Val Leu Gly Gly Tyr Asp Asp Gln Asn Tyr Asn Asn Ala Thr Ala 545 550 555 560 Leu Val Ile Thr Phe Pro Val Asn Asn Tyr Tyr Asn Asp Thr Glu Lys 565 570 575 Leu Gln Arg Ala Gln Ala Trp Glu Lys Glu Phe Ile Asn Phe Val Lys 580 585 590 Asn Tyr Lys Asn Pro Asn Leu Thr Ile Ser Phe Thr Ala Glu Arg Ser 595 600 605 Ile Glu Asp Glu Leu Asn Arg Glu Ser Asp Ser Asp Val Phe Thr Val 610 615 620 Val Ile Ser Tyr Ala Ile Met Phe Leu Tyr Ile Ser Leu Ala Leu Gly 625 630 635 640 His Ile Lys Ser Cys Arg Arg Leu Leu Val Asp Ser Lys Val Ser Leu 645 650 655 Gly Ile Ala Gly Ile Leu Ile Val Leu Ser Ser Val Ala Cys Ser Leu 660 665 670 Gly Val Phe Ser Tyr Ile Gly Leu Pro Leu Thr Leu Ile Val Ile Glu 675 680 685 Val Ile Pro Phe Leu Val Leu Ala Val Gly Val Asp Asn Ile Phe Ile 690 695 700 Leu Val Gln Ala Tyr Gln Arg Asp Glu Arg Leu Gln Gly Glu Thr Leu 705 710 715 720 Asp Gln Gln Leu Gly Arg Val Leu Gly Glu Val Ala Pro Ser Met Phe 725 730 735 Leu Ser Ser Phe Ser Glu Thr Val Ala Phe Phe Leu Gly Ala Leu Ser 740 745 750 Val Met Pro Ala Val His Thr Phe Ser Leu Phe Ala Gly Leu Ala Val 755 760 765 Phe Ile Asp Phe Leu Leu Gln Ile Thr Cys Phe Val Ser Leu Leu Gly 770 775 780 Leu Asp Ile Lys Arg Gln Glu Lys Asn Arg Leu Asp Ile Phe Cys Cys 785 790 795 800 Val Arg Gly Ala Glu Asp Gly Thr Ser Val Gln Ala Ser Glu Ser Cys 805 810 815 Leu Phe Arg Phe Phe Lys Asn Ser Tyr Ser Pro Leu Leu Leu Lys Asp 820 825 830 Trp Met Arg Pro Ile Val Ile Ala Ile Phe Val Gly Val Leu Ser Phe 835 840 845 Ser Ile Ala Val Leu Asn Lys Val Asp Ile Gly Leu Asp Gln Ser Leu 850 855 860 Ser Met Pro Asp Asp Ser Tyr Met Val Asp Tyr Phe Lys Ser Ile Ser 865 870 875 880 Gln Tyr Leu His Ala Gly Pro Pro Val Tyr Phe Val Leu Glu Glu Gly 885 890 895 His Asp Tyr Thr Ser Ser Lys Gly Gln Asn Met Val Cys Gly Gly Met 900 905 910 Gly Cys Asn Asn Asp Ser Leu Val Gln Gln Ile Phe Asn Ala Ala Gln 915 920 925 Leu Asp Asn Tyr Thr Arg Ile Gly Phe Ala Pro Ser Ser Trp Ile Asp 930 935 940 Asp Tyr Phe Asp Trp Val Lys Pro Gln Ser Ser Cys Cys Arg Val Asp 945 950 955 960 Asn Ile Thr Asp Gln Phe Cys Asn Ala Ser Val Val Asp Pro Ala Cys 965 970 975 Val Arg Cys Arg Pro Leu Thr Pro Glu Gly Lys Gln Arg Pro Gln Gly 980 985 990 Gly Asp Phe Met Arg Phe Leu Pro Met Phe Leu Ser Asp Asn Pro Asn 995 1000 1005 Pro Lys Cys Gly Lys Gly Gly His Ala Ala Tyr Ser Ser Ala Val Asn 1010 1015 1020 Ile Leu Leu Gly His Gly Thr Arg Val Gly Ala Thr Tyr Phe Met Thr 1025 1030 1035 1040 Tyr His Thr Val Leu Gln Thr Ser Ala Asp Phe Ile Asp Ala Leu Lys 1045 1050 1055 Lys Ala Arg Leu Ile Ala Ser Asn Val Thr Glu Thr Met Gly Ile Asn 1060 1065 1070 Gly Ser Ala Tyr Arg Val Phe Pro Tyr Ser Val Phe Tyr Val Phe Tyr 1075 1080 1085 Glu Gln Tyr Leu Thr Ile Ile Asp Asp Thr Ile Phe Asn Leu Gly Val 1090 1095 1100 Ser Leu Gly Ala Ile Phe Leu Val Thr Met Val Leu Leu Gly Cys Glu 1105 1110 1115 1120 Leu Trp Ser Ala Val Ile Met Cys Ala Thr Ile Ala Met Val Leu Val 1125 1130 1135 Asn Met Phe Gly Val Met Trp Leu Trp Gly Ile Ser Leu Asn Ala Val 1140 1145 1150 Ser Leu Val Asn Leu Val Met Ser Cys Gly Ile Ser Val Glu Phe Cys 1155 1160 1165 Ser His Ile Thr Arg Ala Phe Thr Val Ser Met Lys Gly Ser Arg Val 1170 1175 1180 Glu Arg Ala Glu Glu Ala Leu Ala His Met Gly Ser Ser Val Phe Ser 1185 1190 1195 1200 Gly Ile Thr Leu Thr Lys Phe Gly Gly Ile Val Val Leu Ala Phe Ala 1205 1210 1215 Lys Ser Gln Ile Phe Gln Ile Phe Tyr Phe Arg Met Tyr Leu Ala Met 1220 1225 1230 Val Leu Leu Gly Ala Thr His Gly Leu Ile Phe Leu Pro Val Leu Leu 1235 1240 1245 Ser Tyr Ile Gly Pro Ser Val Asn Lys Ala Lys Ser Cys Ala Thr Glu 1250 1255 1260 Glu Arg Tyr Lys Gly Thr Glu Arg Glu Arg Leu Leu Asn Phe 1265 1270 1275 3 5029 DNA Mus sp. CDS (1)..(3960) 3 gtc tgc tct tgc ccc ctc ctt ggt cag gcg ccg gtt ccg aaa cct tgc 48 Val Cys Ser Cys Pro Leu Leu Gly Gln Ala Pro Val Pro Lys Pro Cys 1 5 10 15 ccg cca gtg ccg cga cgc tcg ggt cgc ggt gct ccg cga gcc gaa ctg 98 Pro Pro Val Pro Arg Arg Ser Gly Arg Gly Ala Pro Arg Ala Glu Leu 20 25 30 aga gct gta gcc ccg cgc ggc gac agc atg ggt gcg cac cac ccg gcc 144 Arg Ala Val Ala Pro Arg Gly Asp Ser Met Gly Ala His His Pro Ala 35 40 45 ctc ggc ctg ctg ctg ctg ctg ctg ctg tgc cct gcg cag gtg ttt tcg 192 Leu Gly Leu Leu Leu Leu Leu Leu Leu Cys Pro Ala Gln Val Phe Ser 50 55 60 caa tcc tgt gtt tgg tat gga gag tgt gga att gcg act gga gat aag 240 Gln Ser Cys Val Trp Tyr Gly Glu Cys Gly Ile Ala Thr Gly Asp Lys 65 70 75 80 agg tac aac tgt aaa tat tct ggc cca cca aaa ccc ctc cca aag gac 288 Arg Tyr Asn Cys Lys Tyr Ser Gly Pro Pro Lys Pro Leu Pro Lys Asp 85 90 95 ggc tat gac tta gtg cag gaa ctc tgt cca gga ctc ttc ttt gac aat 336 Gly Tyr Asp Leu Val Gln Glu Leu Cys Pro Gly Leu Phe Phe Asp Asn 100 105 110 gtc agt ctc tgc tgt gac att caa cag ctt cag acg ctg aag agt aac 384 Val Ser Leu Cys Cys Asp Ile Gln Gln Leu Gln Thr Leu Lys Ser Asn 115 120 125 ctg cag ctg ccc ctg cag ttc ctg tcc aga tgt ccg tca tgt ttt tat 432 Leu Gln Leu Pro Leu Gln Phe Leu Ser Arg Cys Pro Ser Cys Phe Tyr 130 135 140 aac cta atg acc ctg ttt tgt gag cta aca tgt agc cca cac cag agt 480 Asn Leu Met Thr Leu Phe Cys Glu Leu Thr Cys Ser Pro His Gln Ser 145 150 155 160 cag ttt ctg aat gtg aca gca act gaa gat tat ttt gat cct aag aca 528 Gln Phe Leu Asn Val Thr Ala Thr Glu Asp Tyr Phe Asp Pro Lys Thr 165 170 175 ccg gag aat aaa aca aat gta aag gaa tta gag tac tat gtc gga cag 576 Pro Glu Asn Lys Thr Asn Val Lys Glu Leu Glu Tyr Tyr Val Gly Gln 180 185 190 agc ttc gcg aat gcg atg tac aat gcc tgc cgt gat gtg gag gcg cct 624 Ser Phe Ala Asn Ala Met Tyr Asn Ala Cys Arg Asp Val Glu Ala Pro 195 200 205 tcc agt aac gag aag gcc tta gga ctc ttg tgt ggg agg gat gcc cgt 672 Ser Ser Asn Glu Lys Ala Leu Gly Leu Leu Cys Gly Arg Asp Ala Arg 210 215 220 gcc tgc aat gcc acc aac tgg att gag tac atg ttc aat aaa gac aac 720 Ala Cys Asn Ala Thr Asn Trp Ile Glu Tyr Met Phe Asn Lys Asp Asn 225 230 235 240 gga caa gcg cca ttt acc atc att cct gtg ttt tca gat ctt tca atc 768 Gly Gln Ala Pro Phe Thr Ile Ile Pro Val Phe Ser Asp Leu Ser Ile 245 250 255 ctt ggg atg gag ccc atg aga aat gcc acc aaa ggc tgc aat gag tct 816 Leu Gly Met Glu Pro Met Arg Asn Ala Thr Lys Gly Cys Asn Glu Ser 260 265 270 gta gat gag gtc acg ggg cca tgt agc tgc cag gac tgc tcc atc gtc 864 Val Asp Glu Val Thr Gly Pro Cys Ser Cys Gln Asp Cys Ser Ile Val 275 280 285 tgc ggc ccc aag ccc cag atc ctt cag ggc ata gga ggg ggt ggg ggc 912 Cys Gly Pro Lys Pro Gln Ile Leu Gln Gly Ile Gly Gly Gly Gly Gly 290 295 300 tgg ggc ttg gat gcc atg tat gtc atc atg tgg gtc acc tac gtg gca 960 Trp Gly Leu Asp Ala Met Tyr Val Ile Met Trp Val Thr Tyr Val Ala 305 310 315 320 ttt ctg ttt gtg ttt ttt gga gca ctg ttg gca gtg tgg tgc cac aga 1008 Phe Leu Phe Val Phe Phe Gly Ala Leu Leu Ala Val Trp Cys His Arg 325 330 335 agg cgg tac ttt gtg tct gag tac act ccc att gac agt aac atc gcc 1056 Arg Arg Tyr Phe Val Ser Glu Tyr Thr Pro Ile Asp Ser Asn Ile Ala 340 345 350 ttt tct gtg aat agc agt gac aaa ggg gaa gcc tca tgc tgt gac cca 1104 Phe Ser Val Asn Ser Ser Asp Lys Gly Glu Ala Ser Cys Cys Asp Pro 355 360 365 ctt ggt gca gca ttt gat gac tgt ctg agg cgc atg ttc aca aag tgg 1152 Leu Gly Ala Ala Phe Asp Asp Cys Leu Arg Arg Met Phe Thr Lys Trp 370 375 380 ggg gct ttc tgt gtc cga aat ccc acc tgc atc att ttc ttc tca ttg 1200 Gly Ala Phe Cys Val Arg Asn Pro Thr Cys Ile Ile Phe Phe Ser Leu 385 390 395 400 gcc ttc atc act gtg tgc tct tct ggc ctg gta ttt gtc cag gtc acc 1248 Ala Phe Ile Thr Val Cys Ser Ser Gly Leu Val Phe Val Gln Val Thr 405 410 415 acc aat cct gta gag ctc tgg tca gcc cct cac agt cag gcc cgc ttg 1296 Thr Asn Pro Val Glu Leu Trp Ser Ala Pro His Ser Gln Ala Arg Leu 420 425 430 gaa aag gag tac ttt gac aag cac ttt ggg cct ttc ttt cgc acg gag 1344 Glu Lys Glu Tyr Phe Asp Lys His Phe Gly Pro Phe Phe Arg Thr Glu 435 440 445 cag ctt atc atc caa gcc ccc aac acc agt gtt cat atc tac gaa ccg 1392 Gln Leu Ile Ile Gln Ala Pro Asn Thr Ser Val His Ile Tyr Glu Pro 450 455 460 tac ccc gca gga gcc gat gtg ccc ttc ggg cct cca ttg aac aaa gag 1440 Tyr Pro Ala Gly Ala Asp Val Pro Phe Gly Pro Pro Leu Asn Lys Glu 465 470 475 480 att ctg cac cag gtt ctg aac tta cag atc gcc att gaa agc atc acc 1488 Ile Leu His Gln Val Leu Asn Leu Gln Ile Ala Ile Glu Ser Ile Thr 485 490 495 gca tct tac aac aat gaa acc gtg aca ctg cag gac atc tgt gtg gcc 1536 Ala Ser Tyr Asn Asn Glu Thr Val Thr Leu Gln Asp Ile Cys Val Ala 500 505 510 ccc ctc tct ccc tac aac aag aac tgc acc att atg agt gtg tta aat 1584 Pro Leu Ser Pro Tyr Asn Lys Asn Cys Thr Ile Met Ser Val Leu Asn 515 520 525 tac ttc cag aac agc cat gcg gtg ctg gac agc caa gta ggc gac gac 1632 Tyr Phe Gln Asn Ser His Ala Val Leu Asp Ser Gln Val Gly Asp Asp 530 535 540 ttc tat atc tac gct gat tac cac aca cac ttt ctg tac tgt gta cgg 1680 Phe Tyr Ile Tyr Ala Asp Tyr His Thr His Phe Leu Tyr Cys Val Arg 545 550 555 560 gct ccc gcc tcc ttg aat gat acg agt ttg ctc cac ggt cct tgc ctg 1728 Ala Pro Ala Ser Leu Asn Asp Thr Ser Leu Leu His Gly Pro Cys Leu 565 570 575 ggt aca ttt gga gga ccg gtg ttc ccg tgg ctt gtg ttg ggt ggc tat 1776 Gly Thr Phe Gly Gly Pro Val Phe Pro Trp Leu Val Leu Gly Gly Tyr 580 585 590 gat gat cag aac tac aac aat gcc acc gcg ctt gtg atc acc ttc ccc 1824 Asp Asp Gln Asn Tyr Asn Asn Ala Thr Ala Leu Val Ile Thr Phe Pro 595 600 605 gtg aat aat tac tac aat gac aca gag agg ctc cag agg gcc tgg gcc 1872 Val Asn Asn Tyr Tyr Asn Asp Thr Glu Arg Leu Gln Arg Ala Trp Ala 610 615 620 tgg gag aaa gag ttt att agt ttt gtg aaa aac tac aag aat cca aat 1920 Trp Glu Lys Glu Phe Ile Ser Phe Val Lys Asn Tyr Lys Asn Pro Asn 625 630 635 640 ctg acc att tct ttc act gct gag cga agc atc gaa gat gag ctc aat 1968 Leu Thr Ile Ser Phe Thr Ala Glu Arg Ser Ile Glu Asp Glu Leu Asn 645 650 655 cgg gaa agt aac agt gac gtg ttc acc gtc atc atc agc tac gtc gtg 2016 Arg Glu Ser Asn Ser Asp Val Phe Thr Val Ile Ile Ser Tyr Val Val 660 665 670 atg ttt ctg tac att tcc ctc gcc ctg ggt cac atc cag agc tgc agc 2064 Met Phe Leu Tyr Ile Ser Leu Ala Leu Gly His Ile Gln Ser Cys Ser 675 680 685 agg ctc ctg gtg gat tct aag atc tcg ctg ggc att gcg ggg atc ctg 2112 Arg Leu Leu Val Asp Ser Lys Ile Ser Leu Gly Ile Ala Gly Ile Leu 690 695 700 atc gtg cta agc tcg gtg gcc tgc tct ctg ggc atc ttc agc tac atg 2160 Ile Val Leu Ser Ser Val Ala Cys Ser Leu Gly Ile Phe Ser Tyr Met 705 710 715 720 ggg atg ccg ctg acc ctc atc gtc att gag gtc atc cca ttc ctg gtg 2208 Gly Met Pro Leu Thr Leu Ile Val Ile Glu Val Ile Pro Phe Leu Val 725 730 735 ctg gct gtc ggg gtg gac aac atc ttc att cta gtg cag acc tac cag 2256 Leu Ala Val Gly Val Asp Asn Ile Phe Ile Leu Val Gln Thr Tyr Gln 740 745 750 aga gat gag cgt ctt cag gag gaa acg ctg gat cag cag ctg ggc agg 2304 Arg Asp Glu Arg Leu Gln Glu Glu Thr Leu Asp Gln Gln Leu Gly Arg 755 760 765 atc ctt gga gaa gtg gcc ccg acc atg ttc ctt tca tcc ttt tct gag 2352 Ile Leu Gly Glu Val Ala Pro Thr Met Phe Leu Ser Ser Phe Ser Glu 770 775 780 acc tca gca ttt ttc ttt ggg gcg ctg tcc tcg atg cca gct gtg cac 2400 Thr Ser Ala Phe Phe Phe Gly Ala Leu Ser Ser Met Pro Ala Val His 785 790 795 800 acc ttc tct ctg ttt gcg gga atg gcc gtc ctc att gac ttc ctc ctt 2448 Thr Phe Ser Leu Phe Ala Gly Met Ala Val Leu Ile Asp Phe Leu Leu 805 810 815 cag att acc tgc ttt gtg agc ctg ttg ggg tta gat att aag agg caa 2496 Gln Ile Thr Cys Phe Val Ser Leu Leu Gly Leu Asp Ile Lys Arg Gln 820 825 830 gag aaa aac cat ctg gac atc ctg tgc tgt gtc aga ggc gct gac gac 2544 Glu Lys Asn His Leu Asp Ile Leu Cys Cys Val Arg Gly Ala Asp Asp 835 840 845 gga caa ggt agc cac gcc tcc gaa agc tac ctg ttt cgc ttc ttc aaa 2592 Gly Gln Gly Ser His Ala Ser Glu Ser Tyr Leu Phe Arg Phe Phe Lys 850 855 860 aac tac ttt gcc ccc ctt ctg ctg aag gac tgg ctg agg cca att gtg 2640 Asn Tyr Phe Ala Pro Leu Leu Leu Lys Asp Trp Leu Arg Pro Ile Val 865 870 875 880 gta gcg gtg ttt gtg ggc gtt ctg tca ttc agt gtt gcg gtg gtg aac 2688 Val Ala Val Phe Val Gly Val Leu Ser Phe Ser Val Ala Val Val Asn 885 890 895 aaa gta gac atc ggg ttg gat cag tct ctc tca atg cca aac gat tcg 2736 Lys Val Asp Ile Gly Leu Asp Gln Ser Leu Ser Met Pro Asn Asp Ser 900 905 910 tat gtg att gct aat ttc aaa tca ctc gct cag tac ctg cac tcg ggc 2784 Tyr Val Ile Ala Asn Phe Lys Ser Leu Ala Gln Tyr Leu His Ser Gly 915 920 925 cca ccc gtg tac ttt gtc ctg gag gaa ggc tat aac tac agt tca cgc 2832 Pro Pro Val Tyr Phe Val Leu Glu Glu Gly Tyr Asn Tyr Ser Ser Arg 930 935 940 aaa ggg cag aac atg gtg tgc ggc ggc atg ggc tgt gac aat gac tcc 2880 Lys Gly Gln Asn Met Val Cys Gly Gly Met Gly Cys Asp Asn Asp Ser 945 950 955 960 ctg gtg cag cag ata ttt aac gca gct gag ctg gac acc tac acc cga 2928 Leu Val Gln Gln Ile Phe Asn Ala Ala Glu Leu Asp Thr Tyr Thr Arg 965 970 975 gta ggc ttc gcc ccc tcg tcc tgg atc gat gac tac ttt gac tgg gtc 2976 Val Gly Phe Ala Pro Ser Ser Trp Ile Asp Asp Tyr Phe Asp Trp Val 980 985 990 tcg cca cag tcg tcc tgc tgc aga ctc tac aac gtc act cac cag ttc 3024 Ser Pro Gln Ser Ser Cys Cys Arg Leu Tyr Asn Val Thr His Gln Phe 995 1000 1005 tgc aat gct tct gtg atg gac cca acc tgt gtc cgc tgc aga cct ctg 3072 Cys Asn Ala Ser Val Met Asp Pro Thr Cys Val Arg Cys Arg Pro Leu 1010 1015 1020 act cca gag ggt aaa cag agg cct cag ggg aaa gaa ttc atg aaa ttc 3120 Thr Pro Glu Gly Lys Gln Arg Pro Gln Gly Lys Glu Phe Met Lys Phe 1025 1030 1035 1040 ctg ccc atg ttc ctt tct gat aac ccc aac ccc aag tgc ggc aaa ggg 3168 Leu Pro Met Phe Leu Ser Asp Asn Pro Asn Pro Lys Cys Gly Lys Gly 1045 1050 1055 gga cat gct gct tac ggt tca gct gtt aac att gtg gga gat gac act 3216 Gly His Ala Ala Tyr Gly Ser Ala Val Asn Ile Val Gly Asp Asp Thr 1060 1065 1070 tac att ggg gcc act tac ttc atg acc tac cac acc ata ctt aag acc 3264 Tyr Ile Gly Ala Thr Tyr Phe Met Thr Tyr His Thr Ile Leu Lys Thr 1075 1080 1085 tcc gct gac tat act gat gcc atg aag aaa gct cgg cta ata gcc agt 3312 Ser Ala Asp Tyr Thr Asp Ala Met Lys Lys Ala Arg Leu Ile Ala Ser 1090 1095 1100 aac atc acg gaa acc atg cgt tct aag ggg agt gac tac cgc gta ttc 3360 Asn Ile Thr Glu Thr Met Arg Ser Lys Gly Ser Asp Tyr Arg Val Phe 1105 1110 1115 1120 cct tac agt gtg ttc tac gtc ttc tat gaa cag tac ctg acc att att 3408 Pro Tyr Ser Val Phe Tyr Val Phe Tyr Glu Gln Tyr Leu Thr Ile Ile 1125 1130 1135 gat gac acc atc ttt aac ctc agt gtg tct ctg ggc tcc ata ttt ctg 3456 Asp Asp Thr Ile Phe Asn Leu Ser Val Ser Leu Gly Ser Ile Phe Leu 1140 1145 1150 gtg acc ttg gtg gtt ctg ggc tgt gag ctg tgg tct gcg gtc atc atg 3504 Val Thr Leu Val Val Leu Gly Cys Glu Leu Trp Ser Ala Val Ile Met 1155 1160 1165 tgt atc acc ata gcc atg atc ctg gtc aac atg ttc ggt gtc atg tgg 3552 Cys Ile Thr Ile Ala Met Ile Leu Val Asn Met Phe Gly Val Met Trp 1170 1175 1180 ctg tgg ggc atc agt ctg aat gcg gtc tcc ttg gtc aac ttg gtg atg 3600 Leu Trp Gly Ile Ser Leu Asn Ala Val Ser Leu Val Asn Leu Val Met 1185 1190 1195 1200 agc tgt ggc att tct gtg gag ttc tgc agc cat ata acg aga gca ttc 3648 Ser Cys Gly Ile Ser Val Glu Phe Cys Ser His Ile Thr Arg Ala Phe 1205 1210 1215 acc atg agt acc aaa gga agc cga gtg agc cgg gcg gaa gag gca ctg 3696 Thr Met Ser Thr Lys Gly Ser Arg Val Ser Arg Ala Glu Glu Ala Leu 1220 1225 1230 gcc cac atg ggt agt tct gta ttc agt gga atc aca ctt acg aaa ttt 3744 Ala His Met Gly Ser Ser Val Phe Ser Gly Ile Thr Leu Thr Lys Phe 1235 1240 1245 gga ggg atc gtg gtg tta gcc ttt gcc aaa tct caa att ttt gag ata 3792 Gly Gly Ile Val Val Leu Ala Phe Ala Lys Ser Gln Ile Phe Glu Ile 1250 1255 1260 ttt tac ttc agg atg tac tta gcc atg gtc tta ctt gga gcc act cat 3840 Phe Tyr Phe Arg Met Tyr Leu Ala Met Val Leu Leu Gly Ala Thr His 1265 1270 1275 1280 gga cta ata ttt ctt ccc gtc tta ctc agt tac ata ggg ccg tcg gtg 3888 Gly Leu Ile Phe Leu Pro Val Leu Leu Ser Tyr Ile Gly Pro Ser Val 1285 1290 1295 aat aaa gct aaa aga cac acc aca tac gag cgc tac aga ggg aca gag 3936 Asn Lys Ala Lys Arg His Thr Thr Tyr Glu Arg Tyr Arg Gly Thr Glu 1300 1305 1310 aga gaa cga ctc ctc aat ttt tag ccttgtagca ggctttggtg actgtgttta 3990 Arg Glu Arg Leu Leu Asn Phe 1315 1320 tggataggtc aagtttactg caagacagct gtgctgtcaa gactgagctg gcttcaggct 4050 gtgtccgagc tgtgtcacat gcagctctac ccacgctttt aaactcagga atgcacacct 4110 aacttgtgaa gcagtattaa tggatctgaa agcaacaatc gccagcccct actgtcgtac 4170 cagtagaaac ctcatcttgg gtacaaggaa ggatagttct gtcactttaa cttgtttcaa 4230 tgcctacttt taatggaggt tattaaacac tttaacctcc cttctagccc accaccaacc 4290 agagatagtg ggaaagaaag gatacagggg aagtggacct gtttagaaat ggttctttgg 4350 agcagatcct gtctgcatta tcaggaaacc agcaattcag ttcacgggtc agcagtggca 4410 gctcgaccca ctcgcaaaca tttcacggat acaccagcag tgttgggata ggagcagcca 4470 ggcctcagca ggagggacca gggccgacag gaacaccaga ggttcttggc tgttcctcta 4530 tcagcgaaga ctggagacca acaaacatta cacagctagc tctatattct ctctgtggag 4590 tcccaacaca tggagctcaa ctacacaata taaggcagac caaccaatac atgcctgtca 4650 ttcacgtgtc ctttcatgtg cttgctttag ggaaacagtc cttcacaagt ctgcctttca 4710 cctgtgtctg cttcagcaaa atgttctttc acatttgccc cagcaaaacc ccatctaaca 4770 caactgactt tccaaagaac ccttaagttt ccatttccca gtggcaataa ctgtgacctg 4830 atccctagcc cacatgctgt ctccttttct gggagttagc aacatttgag gatgttgtag 4890 gtactttatt acattttttt gtagtttaaa gagctttatt aatgcaataa attaactttg 4950 tacattttta tattaaaaaa aaaaaagact attaagggac ttcagaatgt tgtaggcctc 5010 attaggcttg tctcagccg 5029 4 1319 PRT Mus sp. 4 Val Cys Ser Cys Pro Leu Leu Gly Gln Ala Pro Val Pro Lys Pro Cys 1 5 10 15 Pro Pro Val Pro Arg Arg Ser Gly Arg Gly Ala Pro Arg Ala Glu Leu 20 25 30 Arg Ala Val Ala Pro Arg Gly Asp Ser Met Gly Ala His His Pro Ala 35 40 45 Leu Gly Leu Leu Leu Leu Leu Leu Leu Cys Pro Ala Gln Val Phe Ser 50 55 60 Gln Ser Cys Val Trp Tyr Gly Glu Cys Gly Ile Ala Thr Gly Asp Lys 65 70 75 80 Arg Tyr Asn Cys Lys Tyr Ser Gly Pro Pro Lys Pro Leu Pro Lys Asp 85 90 95 Gly Tyr Asp Leu Val Gln Glu Leu Cys Pro Gly Leu Phe Phe Asp Asn 100 105 110 Val Ser Leu Cys Cys Asp Ile Gln Gln Leu Gln Thr Leu Lys Ser Asn 115 120 125 Leu Gln Leu Pro Leu Gln Phe Leu Ser Arg Cys Pro Ser Cys Phe Tyr 130 135 140 Asn Leu Met Thr Leu Phe Cys Glu Leu Thr Cys Ser Pro His Gln Ser 145 150 155 160 Gln Phe Leu Asn Val Thr Ala Thr Glu Asp Tyr Phe Asp Pro Lys Thr 165 170 175 Pro Glu Asn Lys Thr Asn Val Lys Glu Leu Glu Tyr Tyr Val Gly Gln 180 185 190 Ser Phe Ala Asn Ala Met Tyr Asn Ala Cys Arg Asp Val Glu Ala Pro 195 200 205 Ser Ser Asn Glu Lys Ala Leu Gly Leu Leu Cys Gly Arg Asp Ala Arg 210 215 220 Ala Cys Asn Ala Thr Asn Trp Ile Glu Tyr Met Phe Asn Lys Asp Asn 225 230 235 240 Gly Gln Ala Pro Phe Thr Ile Ile Pro Val Phe Ser Asp Leu Ser Ile 245 250 255 Leu Gly Met Glu Pro Met Arg Asn Ala Thr Lys Gly Cys Asn Glu Ser 260 265 270 Val Asp Glu Val Thr Gly Pro Cys Ser Cys Gln Asp Cys Ser Ile Val 275 280 285 Cys Gly Pro Lys Pro Gln Ile Leu Gln Gly Ile Gly Gly Gly Gly Gly 290 295 300 Phe Leu Phe Val Phe Phe Gly Ala Leu Leu Ala Val Trp Cys His Arg 325 330 335 Arg Arg Tyr Phe Val Ser Glu Tyr Thr Pro Ile Asp Ser Asn Ile Ala 340 345 350 Phe Ser Val Asn Ser Ser Asp Lys Gly Glu Ala Ser Cys Cys Asp Pro 355 360 365 Leu Gly Ala Ala Phe Asp Asp Cys Leu Arg Arg Met Phe Thr Lys Trp 370 375 380 Gly Ala Phe Cys Val Arg Asn Pro Thr Cys Ile Ile Phe Phe Ser Leu 385 390 395 400 Ala Phe Ile Thr Val Cys Ser Ser Gly Leu Val Phe Val Gln Val Thr 405 410 415 Thr Asn Pro Val Glu Leu Trp Ser Ala Pro His Ser Gln Ala Arg Leu 420 425 430 Glu Lys Glu Tyr Phe Asp Lys His Phe Gly Pro Phe Phe Arg Thr Glu 435 440 445 Gln Leu Ile Ile Gln Ala Pro Asn Thr Ser Val His Ile Tyr Glu Pro 450 455 460 Tyr Pro Ala Gly Ala Asp Val Pro Phe Gly Pro Pro Leu Asn Lys Glu 465 470 475 480 Ile Leu His Gln Val Leu Asn Leu Gln Ile Ala Ile Glu Ser Ile Thr 485 490 495 Ala Ser Tyr Asn Asn Glu Thr Val Thr Leu Gln Asp Ile Cys Val Ala 500 505 510 Pro Leu Ser Pro Tyr Asn Lys Asn Cys Thr Ile Met Ser Val Leu Asn 515 520 525 Tyr Phe Gln Asn Ser His Ala Val Leu Asp Ser Gln Val Gly Asp Asp 530 535 540 Phe Tyr Ile Tyr Ala Asp Tyr His Thr His Phe Leu Tyr Cys Val Arg 545 550 555 560 Ala Pro Ala Ser Leu Asn Asp Thr Ser Leu Leu His Gly Pro Cys Leu 565 570 575 Gly Thr Phe Gly Gly Pro Val Phe Pro Trp Leu Val Leu Gly Gly Tyr 580 585 590 Asp Asp Gln Asn Tyr Asn Asn Ala Thr Ala Leu Val Ile Thr Phe Pro 595 600 605 Val Asn Asn Tyr Tyr Asn Asp Thr Glu Arg Leu Gln Arg Ala Trp Ala 610 615 620 Trp Glu Lys Glu Phe Ile Ser Phe Val Lys Asn Tyr Lys Asn Pro Asn 625 630 635 640 Leu Thr Ile Ser Phe Thr Ala Glu Arg Ser Ile Glu Asp Glu Leu Asn 645 650 655 Arg Glu Ser Asn Ser Asp Val Phe Thr Val Ile Ile Ser Tyr Val Val 660 665 670 Met Phe Leu Tyr Ile Ser Leu Ala Leu Gly His Ile Gln Ser Cys Ser 675 680 685 Arg Leu Leu Val Asp Ser Lys Ile Ser Leu Gly Ile Ala Gly Ile Leu 690 695 700 Ile Val Leu Ser Ser Val Ala Cys Ser Leu Gly Ile Phe Ser Tyr Met 705 710 715 720 Gly Met Pro Leu Thr Leu Ile Val Ile Glu Val Ile Pro Phe Leu Val 725 730 735 Leu Ala Val Gly Val Asp Asn Ile Phe Ile Leu Val Gln Thr Tyr Gln 740 745 750 Arg Asp Glu Arg Leu Gln Glu Glu Thr Leu Asp Gln Gln Leu Gly Arg 755 760 765 Ile Leu Gly Glu Val Ala Pro Thr Met Phe Leu Ser Ser Phe Ser Glu 770 775 780 Thr Ser Ala Phe Phe Phe Gly Ala Leu Ser Ser Met Pro Ala Val His 785 790 795 800 Thr Phe Ser Leu Phe Ala Gly Met Ala Val Leu Ile Asp Phe Leu Leu 805 810 815 Gln Ile Thr Cys Phe Val Ser Leu Leu Gly Leu Asp Ile Lys Arg Gln 820 825 830 Glu Lys Asn His Leu Asp Ile Leu Cys Cys Val Arg Gly Ala Asp Asp 835 840 845 Gly Gln Gly Ser His Ala Ser Glu Ser Tyr Leu Phe Arg Phe Phe Lys 850 855 860 Asn Tyr Phe Ala Pro Leu Leu Leu Lys Asp Trp Leu Arg Pro Ile Val 865 870 875 880 Val Ala Val Phe Val Gly Val Leu Ser Phe Ser Val Ala Val Val Asn 885 890 895 Lys Val Asp Ile Gly Leu Asp Gln Ser Leu Ser Met Pro Asn Asp Ser 900 905 910 Tyr Val Ile Ala Asn Phe Lys Ser Leu Ala Gln Tyr Leu His Ser Gly 915 920 925 Pro Pro Val Tyr Phe Val Leu Glu Glu Gly Tyr Asn Tyr Ser Ser Arg 930 935 940 Lys Gly Gln Asn Met Val Cys Gly Gly Met Gly Cys Asp Asn Asp Ser 945 950 955 960 Leu Val Gln Gln Ile Phe Asn Ala Ala Glu Leu Asp Thr Tyr Thr Arg 965 970 975 Val Gly Phe Ala Pro Ser Ser Trp Ile Asp Asp Tyr Phe Asp Trp Val 980 985 990 Ser Pro Gln Ser Ser Cys Cys Arg Leu Tyr Asn Val Thr His Gln Phe 995 1000 1005 Cys Asn Ala Ser Val Met Asp Pro Thr Cys Val Arg Cys Arg Pro Leu 1010 1015 1020 Thr Pro Glu Gly Lys Gln Arg Pro Gln Gly Lys Glu Phe Met Lys Phe 1025 1030 1035 1040 Leu Pro Met Phe Leu Ser Asp Asn Pro Asn Pro Lys Cys Gly Lys Gly 1045 1050 1055 Gly His Ala Ala Tyr Gly Ser Ala Val Asn Ile Val Gly Asp Asp Thr 1060 1065 1070 Tyr Ile Gly Ala Thr Tyr Phe Met Thr Tyr His Thr Ile Leu Lys Thr 1075 1080 1085 Ser Ala Asp Tyr Thr Asp Ala Met Lys Lys Ala Arg Leu Ile Ala Ser 1090 1095 1100 Asn Ile Thr Glu Thr Met Arg Ser Lys Gly Ser Asp Tyr Arg Val Phe 1105 1110 1115 1120 Pro Tyr Ser Val Phe Tyr Val Phe Tyr Glu Gln Tyr Leu Thr Ile Ile 1125 1130 1135 Asp Asp Thr Ile Phe Asn Leu Ser Val Ser Leu Gly Ser Ile Phe Leu 1140 1145 1150 Val Thr Leu Val Val Leu Gly Cys Glu Leu Trp Ser Ala Val Ile Met 1155 1160 1165 Cys Ile Thr Ile Ala Met Ile Leu Val Asn Met Phe Gly Val Met Trp 1170 1175 1180 Leu Trp Gly Ile Ser Leu Asn Ala Val Ser Leu Val Asn Leu Val Met 1185 1190 1195 1200 Ser Cys Gly Ile Ser Val Glu Phe Cys Ser His Ile Thr Arg Ala Phe 1205 1210 1215 Thr Met Ser Thr Lys Gly Ser Arg Val Ser Arg Ala Glu Glu Ala Leu 1220 1225 1230 Ala His Met Gly Ser Ser Val Phe Ser Gly Ile Thr Leu Thr Lys Phe 1235 1240 1245 Gly Gly Ile Val Val Leu Ala Phe Ala Lys Ser Gln Ile Phe Glu Ile 1250 1255 1260 Phe Tyr Phe Arg Met Tyr Leu Ala Met Val Leu Leu Gly Ala Thr His 1265 1270 1275 1280 Gly Leu Ile Phe Leu Pro Val Leu Leu Ser Tyr Ile Gly Pro Ser Val 1285 1290 1295 Asn Lys Ala Lys Arg His Thr Thr Tyr Glu Arg Tyr Arg Gly Thr Glu 1300 1305 1310 Arg Glu Arg Leu Leu Asn Phe 1315 5 3540 DNA Saccharomyces cerevisiae CDS (1)..(3513) 5 atg aat gtg cta tgg att ata gca cta gtt ggc cag ctg atg cgg ctc 48 Met Asn Val Leu Trp Ile Ile Ala Leu Val Gly Gln Leu Met Arg Leu 1 5 10 15 gtt cag gga aca gct acc tgt gcc atg tat ggg aac tgt ggg aaa aag 96 Val Gln Gly Thr Ala Thr Cys Ala Met Tyr Gly Asn Cys Gly Lys Lys 20 25 30 tca gta ttt gga aac gaa tta cct tgc cct gtg cca cgt agt ttt gaa 144 Ser Val Phe Gly Asn Glu Leu Pro Cys Pro Val Pro Arg Ser Phe Glu 35 40 45 cct cct gtt ctt tca gat gaa aca agc aaa ctt ttg gtt gaa gtt tgt 192 Pro Pro Val Leu Ser Asp Glu Thr Ser Lys Leu Leu Val Glu Val Cys 50 55 60 ggt gaa gag tgg aaa gag gtc cgt tat gcc tgc tgt act aaa gat caa 240 Gly Glu Glu Trp Lys Glu Val Arg Tyr Ala Cys Cys Thr Lys Asp Gln 65 70 75 80 gtg gta gca ctg aga gat aac cta caa aag gct caa cct tta att tcc 288 Val Val Ala Leu Arg Asp Asn Leu Gln Lys Ala Gln Pro Leu Ile Ser 85 90 95 tca tgc cca gca tgc ctc aag aat ttt aat aac ctg ttc tgt cac ttc 336 Ser Cys Pro Ala Cys Leu Lys Asn Phe Asn Asn Leu Phe Cys His Phe 100 105 110 act tgc gct gct gac caa gga agg ttt gtc aat att acc aag gta gaa 384 Thr Cys Ala Ala Asp Gln Gly Arg Phe Val Asn Ile Thr Lys Val Glu 115 120 125 aag tca aaa gaa gat aaa gat att gtt gcg gaa tta gac gtt ttc atg 432 Lys Ser Lys Glu Asp Lys Asp Ile Val Ala Glu Leu Asp Val Phe Met 130 135 140 aat tcg tct tgg gca tct gaa ttt tat gac tca tgt aag aat att aaa 480 Asn Ser Ser Trp Ala Ser Glu Phe Tyr Asp Ser Cys Lys Asn Ile Lys 145 150 155 160 ttt tct gct acc aac ggt tat gcg atg gac cta atc gga ggt ggt gct 528 Phe Ser Ala Thr Asn Gly Tyr Ala Met Asp Leu Ile Gly Gly Gly Ala 165 170 175 aaa aat tac agt caa ttc ttg aag ttt ttg ggg gat gct aaa cct atg 576 Lys Asn Tyr Ser Gln Phe Leu Lys Phe Leu Gly Asp Ala Lys Pro Met 180 185 190 ctt ggt gga tcc ccc ttt cag att aat tac aag tat gat tta gca aat 624 Leu Gly Gly Ser Pro Phe Gln Ile Asn Tyr Lys Tyr Asp Leu Ala Asn 195 200 205 gaa gaa aaa gaa tgg cag gaa ttt aat gat gag gtt tat gct tgc gat 672 Glu Glu Lys Glu Trp Gln Glu Phe Asn Asp Glu Val Tyr Ala Cys Asp 210 215 220 gat gct caa tat aaa tgt gcg tgt tct gat tgt caa gag tct tgc ccc 720 Asp Ala Gln Tyr Lys Cys Ala Cys Ser Asp Cys Gln Glu Ser Cys Pro 225 230 235 240 cat tta aaa cct tta aaa gat ggc gtg tgt aaa gtt ggc cct ctg cca 768 His Leu Lys Pro Leu Lys Asp Gly Val Cys Lys Val Gly Pro Leu Pro 245 250 255 tgt ttt tcc ctt tct gtt ctg atc ttt tac aca atc tgt gca ctt ttt 816 Cys Phe Ser Leu Ser Val Leu Ile Phe Tyr Thr Ile Cys Ala Leu Phe 260 265 270 gca ttt atg tgg tat tat ctc tgt aaa aga aaa aaa aac ggg gca atg 864 Ala Phe Met Trp Tyr Tyr Leu Cys Lys Arg Lys Lys Asn Gly Ala Met 275 280 285 att gtg gac gac gat att gtt cca gaa tca ggt tcc tta gat gaa tca 912 Ile Val Asp Asp Asp Ile Val Pro Glu Ser Gly Ser Leu Asp Glu Ser 290 295 300 gag acg aat gta ttc gaa agt ttc aat aat gaa act aac ttt ttt aat 960 Glu Thr Asn Val Phe Glu Ser Phe Asn Asn Glu Thr Asn Phe Phe Asn 305 310 315 320 ggt aaa ctc gct aac cta ttt acg aaa gtg gga caa ttt tcc gtt gaa 1008 Gly Lys Leu Ala Asn Leu Phe Thr Lys Val Gly Gln Phe Ser Val Glu 325 330 335 aac ccc tac aag ata tta ata acc act gtt ttt agt atc ttt gta ttc 1056 Asn Pro Tyr Lys Ile Leu Ile Thr Thr Val Phe Ser Ile Phe Val Phe 340 345 350 agt ttc atc ata ttt cag tac gct act ctt gaa aca gat cca att aat 1104 Ser Phe Ile Ile Phe Gln Tyr Ala Thr Leu Glu Thr Asp Pro Ile Asn 355 360 365 ttg tgg gtg agt aaa aat tct gaa aaa ttc aaa gaa aaa gag tac ttc 1152 Leu Trp Val Ser Lys Asn Ser Glu Lys Phe Lys Glu Lys Glu Tyr Phe 370 375 380 gat gat aat ttt ggg cca ttt tac agg aca gag caa ata ttt gtt gtg 1200 Asp Asp Asn Phe Gly Pro Phe Tyr Arg Thr Glu Gln Ile Phe Val Val 385 390 395 400 aat gag aca ggc cct gtg tta tca tat gag aca ctt cac tgg tgg ttt 1248 Asn Glu Thr Gly Pro Val Leu Ser Tyr Glu Thr Leu His Trp Trp Phe 405 410 415 gac gtt gaa aat ttt att acg gaa gag cta caa tcg tca gaa aat att 1296 Asp Val Glu Asn Phe Ile Thr Glu Glu Leu Gln Ser Ser Glu Asn Ile 420 425 430 gga tac caa gat ctc tgc ttc aga cca aca gaa gat tct aca tgc gta 1344 Gly Tyr Gln Asp Leu Cys Phe Arg Pro Thr Glu Asp Ser Thr Cys Val 435 440 445 ata gag tct ttt act cag tat ttt cag ggg gcc tta cca aac aag gat 1392 Ile Glu Ser Phe Thr Gln Tyr Phe Gln Gly Ala Leu Pro Asn Lys Asp 450 455 460 agc tgg aaa agg gaa ctg cag gaa tgt ggg aaa ttt cct gta aac tgt 1440 Ser Trp Lys Arg Glu Leu Gln Glu Cys Gly Lys Phe Pro Val Asn Cys 465 470 475 480 cta cct act ttc cag caa cct cta aaa act aat ctt ctt ttc agt gac 1488 Leu Pro Thr Phe Gln Gln Pro Leu Lys Thr Asn Leu Leu Phe Ser Asp 485 490 495 gat gat att ctc aat gcg cat gcg ttt gtt gta aca ctt cta ttg acc 1536 Asp Asp Ile Leu Asn Ala His Ala Phe Val Val Thr Leu Leu Leu Thr 500 505 510 aac cac act caa tca gct aat cgc tgg gaa gaa aga ttg gaa gag tat 1584 Asn His Thr Gln Ser Ala Asn Arg Trp Glu Glu Arg Leu Glu Glu Tyr 515 520 525 tta ttg gat tta aag gtc ccc gag ggc ctg agg atc agt ttt aat acc 1632 Leu Leu Asp Leu Lys Val Pro Glu Gly Leu Arg Ile Ser Phe Asn Thr 530 535 540 gaa ata tcc ttg gaa aaa gag ctt aat aat aat aat gat atc tcg acc 1680 Glu Ile Ser Leu Glu Lys Glu Leu Asn Asn Asn Asn Asp Ile Ser Thr 545 550 555 560 gtt gca ata tca tac ctg atg atg ttt tta tat gct aca tgg gcc ttg 1728 Val Ala Ile Ser Tyr Leu Met Met Phe Leu Tyr Ala Thr Trp Ala Leu 565 570 575 agg aga aag gat ggg aaa act agg ttg tta ctt gga ata tct ggt tta 1776 Arg Arg Lys Asp Gly Lys Thr Arg Leu Leu Leu Gly Ile Ser Gly Leu 580 585 590 ctc ata gtt ttg gct tct att gtt tgt gca gcc gga ttt tta act ctt 1824 Leu Ile Val Leu Ala Ser Ile Val Cys Ala Ala Gly Phe Leu Thr Leu 595 600 605 ttt ggt ttg aag tcg aca ttg atc ata gca gaa gta ata ccg ttt cta 1872 Phe Gly Leu Lys Ser Thr Leu Ile Ile Ala Glu Val Ile Pro Phe Leu 610 615 620 att tta gca ata gga ata gat aat att ttc ttg att aca cat gag tat 1920 Ile Leu Ala Ile Gly Ile Asp Asn Ile Phe Leu Ile Thr His Glu Tyr 625 630 635 640 gat aga aat tgc gag caa aaa ccg gag tat tca att gat caa aaa ata 1968 Asp Arg Asn Cys Glu Gln Lys Pro Glu Tyr Ser Ile Asp Gln Lys Ile 645 650 655 ata agc gct atc ggg aga atg tct cct tcc att tta atg tca ttg cta 2016 Ile Ser Ala Ile Gly Arg Met Ser Pro Ser Ile Leu Met Ser Leu Leu 660 665 670 tgt caa acc gga tgc ttc ttg ata gct gca ttt gtt aca atg cca gct 2064 Cys Gln Thr Gly Cys Phe Leu Ile Ala Ala Phe Val Thr Met Pro Ala 675 680 685 gtc cat aat ttt gct ata tat tcc aca gtt tct gtt ata ttc aac gga 2112 Val His Asn Phe Ala Ile Tyr Ser Thr Val Ser Val Ile Phe Asn Gly 690 695 700 gta tta cag cta aca gcg tat gtg tcc att ttg tct ctc tac gaa aag 2160 Val Leu Gln Leu Thr Ala Tyr Val Ser Ile Leu Ser Leu Tyr Glu Lys 705 710 715 720 aga tcc aat tat aaa caa att acc gga aat gaa gaa act aag gaa tca 2208 Arg Ser Asn Tyr Lys Gln Ile Thr Gly Asn Glu Glu Thr Lys Glu Ser 725 730 735 ttt ttg aaa acg ttt tat ttt aag atg tta acg caa aag agg ctc ata 2256 Phe Leu Lys Thr Phe Tyr Phe Lys Met Leu Thr Gln Lys Arg Leu Ile 740 745 750 atc att atc ttc tcg gct tgg ttt ttc aca tct ctg gtt ttc tta cca 2304 Ile Ile Ile Phe Ser Ala Trp Phe Phe Thr Ser Leu Val Phe Leu Pro 755 760 765 gaa att caa ttt ggg cta gat caa aca ttg gct gtt cca cag gat tcc 2352 Glu Ile Gln Phe Gly Leu Asp Gln Thr Leu Ala Val Pro Gln Asp Ser 770 775 780 tac ctg gtt gac tat ttt aag gat gtt tat agc ttc cta aac gta gga 2400 Tyr Leu Val Asp Tyr Phe Lys Asp Val Tyr Ser Phe Leu Asn Val Gly 785 790 795 800 cca ccg gtt tac atg gtc gtg aag aat tta gat ttg act aaa aga caa 2448 Pro Pro Val Tyr Met Val Val Lys Asn Leu Asp Leu Thr Lys Arg Gln 805 810 815 aac caa cag aaa ata tgt ggt aaa ttt aca act tgc gaa aga gac tca 2496 Asn Gln Gln Lys Ile Cys Gly Lys Phe Thr Thr Cys Glu Arg Asp Ser 820 825 830 tta gct aat gta ctg gag caa gaa aga cac agg tca aca att acg gag 2544 Leu Ala Asn Val Leu Glu Gln Glu Arg His Arg Ser Thr Ile Thr Glu 835 840 845 cca ttg gct aat tgg ctg gac gat tat ttc atg ttt tta aat cct caa 2592 Pro Leu Ala Asn Trp Leu Asp Asp Tyr Phe Met Phe Leu Asn Pro Gln 850 855 860 aac gac cag tgt tgt aga tta aag aag gga aca gat gag gtt tgt cct 2640 Asn Asp Gln Cys Cys Arg Leu Lys Lys Gly Thr Asp Glu Val Cys Pro 865 870 875 880 ccc tct ttt cca agt aga cgt tgt gaa act tgt ttc cag cag ggt tct 2688 Pro Ser Phe Pro Ser Arg Arg Cys Glu Thr Cys Phe Gln Gln Gly Ser 885 890 895 tgg aat tac aac atg tca ggg ttt cct gag ggc aag gac ttc atg gaa 2736 Trp Asn Tyr Asn Met Ser Gly Phe Pro Glu Gly Lys Asp Phe Met Glu 900 905 910 tac cta agc ata tgg att aat gcg cct agt gac ccc tgc cct cta ggt 2784 Tyr Leu Ser Ile Trp Ile Asn Ala Pro Ser Asp Pro Cys Pro Leu Gly 915 920 925 ggt cgt gcg cca tat tcg act gcg tta gtt tat aat gaa acg agt gtg 2832 Gly Arg Ala Pro Tyr Ser Thr Ala Leu Val Tyr Asn Glu Thr Ser Val 930 935 940 tct gcg tca gtt ttc aga aca gct cat cat cct ttg aga tcc caa aag 2880 Ser Ala Ser Val Phe Arg Thr Ala His His Pro Leu Arg Ser Gln Lys 945 950 955 960 gac ttt atc cag gcg tat agt gat gga gtt agg ata tca agt tct ttc 2928 Asp Phe Ile Gln Ala Tyr Ser Asp Gly Val Arg Ile Ser Ser Ser Phe 965 970 975 ccc gaa cta gat atg ttt gca tac tcg ccg ttt tac att ttt ttt gtt 2976 Pro Glu Leu Asp Met Phe Ala Tyr Ser Pro Phe Tyr Ile Phe Phe Val 980 985 990 caa tat caa act ttg gga cca ttg acg ttg aag cta ata ggg agt gcc 3024 Gln Tyr Gln Thr Leu Gly Pro Leu Thr Leu Lys Leu Ile Gly Ser Ala 995 1000 1005 att atc cta att ttt ttc att tca tct gtt ttc ttg cag aat ata cgc 3072 Ile Ile Leu Ile Phe Phe Ile Ser Ser Val Phe Leu Gln Asn Ile Arg 1010 1015 1020 agc tca ttc tta ctg gct ttg gtc gtt acc atg att atc gta gat att 3120 Ser Ser Phe Leu Leu Ala Leu Val Val Thr Met Ile Ile Val Asp Ile 1025 1030 1035 1040 ggt gct ttg atg gcc cta cta ggt atc tca ctc aac gct gtc agt tta 3168 Gly Ala Leu Met Ala Leu Leu Gly Ile Ser Leu Asn Ala Val Ser Leu 1045 1050 1055 gtc aat tta att att tgt gtc ggt ttg ggt gtc gag ttt tgt gtt cat 3216 Val Asn Leu Ile Ile Cys Val Gly Leu Gly Val Glu Phe Cys Val His 1060 1065 1070 att gtt aga tca ttt aca gtg gtc ccc agt gaa acc aag aaa gac gca 3264 Ile Val Arg Ser Phe Thr Val Val Pro Ser Glu Thr Lys Lys Asp Ala 1075 1080 1085 aac tca aga gtt ctc tat tcc ttg aat acc ata ggt gag tcc gtc atc 3312 Asn Ser Arg Val Leu Tyr Ser Leu Asn Thr Ile Gly Glu Ser Val Ile 1090 1095 1100 aaa ggt ata act cta acc aaa ttc att gga gtt tgt gta ctt gca ttc 3360 Lys Gly Ile Thr Leu Thr Lys Phe Ile Gly Val Cys Val Leu Ala Phe 1105 1110 1115 1120 gcc caa tcg aaa ata ttt gat gta ttt tac ttt aga atg tgg ttt aca 3408 Ala Gln Ser Lys Ile Phe Asp Val Phe Tyr Phe Arg Met Trp Phe Thr 1125 1130 1135 cta atc att gta gca gca ttg cat gct ctc cta ttt tta cct gct tta 3456 Leu Ile Ile Val Ala Ala Leu His Ala Leu Leu Phe Leu Pro Ala Leu 1140 1145 1150 ctt tca ttg ttt ggt ggt gaa agc tat agg gac gat tcc atc gaa gca 3504 Leu Ser Leu Phe Gly Gly Glu Ser Tyr Arg Asp Asp Ser Ile Glu Ala 1155 1160 1165 gaa gat tag ccatagcaga ttatactata ttttacg 3540 Glu Asp 1170 6 1170 PRT Saccharomyces cerevisiae 6 Met Asn Val Leu Trp Ile Ile Ala Leu Val Gly Gln Leu Met Arg Leu 1 5 10 15 Val Gln Gly Thr Ala Thr Cys Ala Met Tyr Gly Asn Cys Gly Lys Lys 20 25 30 Ser Val Phe Gly Asn Glu Leu Pro Cys Pro Val Pro Arg Ser Phe Glu 35 40 45 Pro Pro Val Leu Ser Asp Glu Thr Ser Lys Leu Leu Val Glu Val Cys 50 55 60 Gly Glu Glu Trp Lys Glu Val Arg Tyr Ala Cys Cys Thr Lys Asp Gln 65 70 75 80 Val Val Ala Leu Arg Asp Asn Leu Gln Lys Ala Gln Pro Leu Ile Ser 85 90 95 Ser Cys Pro Ala Cys Leu Lys Asn Phe Asn Asn Leu Phe Cys His Phe 100 105 110 Thr Cys Ala Ala Asp Gln Gly Arg Phe Val Asn Ile Thr Lys Val Glu 115 120 125 Lys Ser Lys Glu Asp Lys Asp Ile Val Ala Glu Leu Asp Val Phe Met 130 135 140 Asn Ser Ser Trp Ala Ser Glu Phe Tyr Asp Ser Cys Lys Asn Ile Lys 145 150 155 160 Phe Ser Ala Thr Asn Gly Tyr Ala Met Asp Leu Ile Gly Gly Gly Ala 165 170 175 Lys Asn Tyr Ser Gln Phe Leu Lys Phe Leu Gly Asp Ala Lys Pro Met 180 185 190 Leu Gly Gly Ser Pro Phe Gln Ile Asn Tyr Lys Tyr Asp Leu Ala Asn 195 200 205 Glu Glu Lys Glu Trp Gln Glu Phe Asn Asp Glu Val Tyr Ala Cys Asp 210 215 220 Asp Ala Gln Tyr Lys Cys Ala Cys Ser Asp Cys Gln Glu Ser Cys Pro 225 230 235 240 His Leu Lys Pro Leu Lys Asp Gly Val Cys Lys Val Gly Pro Leu Pro 245 250 255 Cys Phe Ser Leu Ser Val Leu Ile Phe Tyr Thr Ile Cys Ala Leu Phe 260 265 270 Ala Phe Met Trp Tyr Tyr Leu Cys Lys Arg Lys Lys Asn Gly Ala Met 275 280 285 Ile Val Asp Asp Asp Ile Val Pro Glu Ser Gly Ser Leu Asp Glu Ser 290 295 300 Glu Thr Asn Val Phe Glu Ser Phe Asn Asn Glu Thr Asn Phe Phe Asn 305 310 315 320 Gly Lys Leu Ala Asn Leu Phe Thr Lys Val Gly Gln Phe Ser Val Glu 325 330 335 Asn Pro Tyr Lys Ile Leu Ile Thr Thr Val Phe Ser Ile Phe Val Phe 340 345 350 Ser Phe Ile Ile Phe Gln Tyr Ala Thr Leu Glu Thr Asp Pro Ile Asn 355 360 365 Leu Trp Val Ser Lys Asn Ser Glu Lys Phe Lys Glu Lys Glu Tyr Phe 370 375 380 Asp Asp Asn Phe Gly Pro Phe Tyr Arg Thr Glu Gln Ile Phe Val Val 385 390 395 400 Asn Glu Thr Gly Pro Val Leu Ser Tyr Glu Thr Leu His Trp Trp Phe 405 410 415 Asp Val Glu Asn Phe Ile Thr Glu Glu Leu Gln Ser Ser Glu Asn Ile 420 425 430 Gly Tyr Gln Asp Leu Cys Phe Arg Pro Thr Glu Asp Ser Thr Cys Val 435 440 445 Ile Glu Ser Phe Thr Gln Tyr Phe Gln Gly Ala Leu Pro Asn Lys Asp 450 455 460 Ser Trp Lys Arg Glu Leu Gln Glu Cys Gly Lys Phe Pro Val Asn Cys 465 470 475 480 Leu Pro Thr Phe Gln Gln Pro Leu Lys Thr Asn Leu Leu Phe Ser Asp 485 490 495 Asp Asp Ile Leu Asn Ala His Ala Phe Val Val Thr Leu Leu Leu Thr 500 505 510 Asn His Thr Gln Ser Ala Asn Arg Trp Glu Glu Arg Leu Glu Glu Tyr 515 520 525 Leu Leu Asp Leu Lys Val Pro Glu Gly Leu Arg Ile Ser Phe Asn Thr 530 535 540 Glu Ile Ser Leu Glu Lys Glu Leu Asn Asn Asn Asn Asp Ile Ser Thr 545 550 555 560 Val Ala Ile Ser Tyr Leu Met Met Phe Leu Tyr Ala Thr Trp Ala Leu 565 570 575 Arg Arg Lys Asp Gly Lys Thr Arg Leu Leu Leu Gly Ile Ser Gly Leu 580 585 590 Leu Ile Val Leu Ala Ser Ile Val Cys Ala Ala Gly Phe Leu Thr Leu 595 600 605 Phe Gly Leu Lys Ser Thr Leu Ile Ile Ala Glu Val Ile Pro Phe Leu 610 615 620 Ile Leu Ala Ile Gly Ile Asp Asn Ile Phe Leu Ile Thr His Glu Tyr 625 630 635 640 Asp Arg Asn Cys Glu Gln Lys Pro Glu Tyr Ser Ile Asp Gln Lys Ile 645 650 655 Ile Ser Ala Ile Gly Arg Met Ser Pro Ser Ile Leu Met Ser Leu Leu 660 665 670 Cys Gln Thr Gly Cys Phe Leu Ile Ala Ala Phe Val Thr Met Pro Ala 675 680 685 Val His Asn Phe Ala Ile Tyr Ser Thr Val Ser Val Ile Phe Asn Gly 690 695 700 Val Leu Gln Leu Thr Ala Tyr Val Ser Ile Leu Ser Leu Tyr Glu Lys 705 710 715 720 Arg Ser Asn Tyr Lys Gln Ile Thr Gly Asn Glu Glu Thr Lys Glu Ser 725 730 735 Phe Leu Lys Thr Phe Tyr Phe Lys Met Leu Thr Gln Lys Arg Leu Ile 740 745 750 Ile Ile Ile Phe Ser Ala Trp Phe Phe Thr Ser Leu Val Phe Leu Pro 755 760 765 Glu Ile Gln Phe Gly Leu Asp Gln Thr Leu Ala Val Pro Gln Asp Ser 770 775 780 Tyr Leu Val Asp Tyr Phe Lys Asp Val Tyr Ser Phe Leu Asn Val Gly 785 790 795 800 Pro Pro Val Tyr Met Val Val Lys Asn Leu Asp Leu Thr Lys Arg Gln 805 810 815 Asn Gln Gln Lys Ile Cys Gly Lys Phe Thr Thr Cys Glu Arg Asp Ser 820 825 830 Leu Ala Asn Val Leu Glu Gln Glu Arg His Arg Ser Thr Ile Thr Glu 835 840 845 Pro Leu Ala Asn Trp Leu Asp Asp Tyr Phe Met Phe Leu Asn Pro Gln 850 855 860 Asn Asp Gln Cys Cys Arg Leu Lys Lys Gly Thr Asp Glu Val Cys Pro 865 870 875 880 Pro Ser Phe Pro Ser Arg Arg Cys Glu Thr Cys Phe Gln Gln Gly Ser 885 890 895 Trp Asn Tyr Asn Met Ser Gly Phe Pro Glu Gly Lys Asp Phe Met Glu 900 905 910 Tyr Leu Ser Ile Trp Ile Asn Ala Pro Ser Asp Pro Cys Pro Leu Gly 915 920 925 Gly Arg Ala Pro Tyr Ser Thr Ala Leu Val Tyr Asn Glu Thr Ser Val 930 935 940 Ser Ala Ser Val Phe Arg Thr Ala His His Pro Leu Arg Ser Gln Lys 945 950 955 960 Asp Phe Ile Gln Ala Tyr Ser Asp Gly Val Arg Ile Ser Ser Ser Phe 965 970 975 Pro Glu Leu Asp Met Phe Ala Tyr Ser Pro Phe Tyr Ile Phe Phe Val 980 985 990 Gln Tyr Gln Thr Leu Gly Pro Leu Thr Leu Lys Leu Ile Gly Ser Ala 995 1000 1005 Ile Ile Leu Ile Phe Phe Ile Ser Ser Val Phe Leu Gln Asn Ile Arg 1010 1015 1020 Ser Ser Phe Leu Leu Ala Leu Val Val Thr Met Ile Ile Val Asp Ile 1025 1030 1035 1040 Gly Ala Leu Met Ala Leu Leu Gly Ile Ser Leu Asn Ala Val Ser Leu 1045 1050 1055 Val Asn Leu Ile Ile Cys Val Gly Leu Gly Val Glu Phe Cys Val His 1060 1065 1070 Ile Val Arg Ser Phe Thr Val Val Pro Ser Glu Thr Lys Lys Asp Ala 1075 1080 1085 Asn Ser Arg Val Leu Tyr Ser Leu Asn Thr Ile Gly Glu Ser Val Ile 1090 1095 1100 Lys Gly Ile Thr Leu Thr Lys Phe Ile Gly Val Cys Val Leu Ala Phe 1105 1110 1115 1120 Ala Gln Ser Lys Ile Phe Asp Val Phe Tyr Phe Arg Met Trp Phe Thr 1125 1130 1135 Leu Ile Ile Val Ala Ala Leu His Ala Leu Leu Phe Leu Pro Ala Leu 1140 1145 1150 Leu Ser Leu Phe Gly Gly Glu Ser Tyr Arg Asp Asp Ser Ile Glu Ala 1155 1160 1165 Glu Asp 1170 7 11459 DNA Caenorhabditis elegans 7 tcagagaaaa gaaaacttat gacaaaatac cattaaattg cttttaaaat cccgtattta 60 gaaagttatc actacgttag cttaccacag ggaagttgag agtaatgaaa atatgataaa 120 gttttaatga gtggatgaga agtgtatgag aagtgacaaa aaacaacaag agtacctatt 180 gttgccgcat aaatgtacaa tacatggcat ttgataaatg acacggaaat aacaaagtga 240 atgtatggaa tagaataagt gaagagtaaa tcggtatcta caaagatcgg agatccggtt 300 ctatatgagc tcttggcatt cgggaggtac atggcagtga agatggcgta gatgggtaag 360 agcgatcgat tgttatgata tctaaaataa aaacgatttg aaaaataatt atatagtgcc 420 ggccaatact ctttcgtcta cgggttttcg gaaattcgtt tgagttgttc aaacaagaaa 480 aacttaaaaa ctatgatagt caggtaaaca ttttccacta aaaattaatt ttttaaaatt 540 ttttagaaga tgacactcgg cggatccgtt tttgactgaa atttctaaat gagccacaat 600 gtgtgtactc aaaatcagaa ccgtcggatg ccagatgctg taactttttc gaataagcgt 660 tatataactc tgacattaac aataatttag aaaaaactgg gaatactttg taagtagaaa 720 atagtttgct aactaccgaa actttatcaa acttgttgtt ttggccgcgt ttataagttt 780 atatatttct aactataagt atcatcaaat ctacttgaaa tccctaccaa ttgctttatc 840 aatcccacct tccgctttaa gaagcggatc gagaatgtgg ctggcgtcca gtaaagaagg 900 acggttaagg attccttctt ccacgtttga aatatgactt tccgcggttg gcgacctaaa 960 atttcacatg taactttctg tttaaatccc gatttacaac ttacaaaacg cacgcgtcat 1020 gttgctcgtc attgtcattc gtgctagtct ctgaacttcc atggcctctc gatcctccga 1080 aggcaagcaa aataggcaat atgatgagag catggacagc actgctgaca atagtgatga 1140 ggaacaattt gaaaaagtag acctgaaggg gttgatttaa attacgatta acaaattgtt 1200 taagttaccg ttataatctg aagatgagcc cccgagagaa acattgtaga tccagccata 1260 gtgacaactg ggccggagag aatgattggt ccaatacttc caaccgtaga ctctgcgcga 1320 tcttttgctc gctggcgaag tgagcaggcg tatcctttga gaacatttac agaaaactcg 1380 attagaattc cagacgactg aaaactcaaa ttaatgtttt tcaatcgttc cacatataat 1440 tgaacctacc attacaagat ttgttgcaga caaggcattg acggggatat taaagatata 1500 cataaatgcc acaatatgga agtagttgga cacttgacaa attacagcgc aagccgctcc 1560 tttcacatca atcccaagag taacacaaat gatgccgaag acgccaacaa cagtgataaa 1620 aagttgggta gtgagaattg gcatgatagt agagtactgt tcgtagaatg ggaaaatttt 1680 gctgtatgcg aagacgtgag ctgtatcgtc aattgatctt tcaaggcgac gggataccat 1740 tcgagcagtg tccattgcct tgatgaaatc actggagttg ctaattgaca gctttttgtg 1800 gaaagtcatg aattgagatg cttgaatacg tcctctagat gtgaagctga ttgcatcttt 1860 gaatgaagca cggccactga aatttaggtt aacttgaaaa aatagacatt aacaataaaa 1920 aatttaaatt cctacccgaa aacgcattca gaatttggag tgtcttctaa aaagtgtctc 1980 agatgacggt agaaaacttc gattgacgga cgatggtaca tgattgagct tttcgggtac 2040 gagttggcca cgtaatcaaa gtccatgcaa gttctacatg ccttatcgtc taacgcactc 2100 ttgttccggt ttgtcgagca gaatgtgttg gggtcgtgca cataaacttt acaacatggg 2160 ctttttcttg aaatccattc cagatagttg tcaatccagt tatacatttc accggacaag 2220 tacgtctgct ccgtgtgtcc aactgcgtaa ttcataatgt ttccaaacga agtgtcgcta 2280 cacccaggaa atgtacaaaa cttgttctga acatctggtc tgtgccaatc aagttctccg 2340 tcaacagtga aaaacactgg cggtcccacg tcaaaaaatt tgtcgagata tcgaaagtgc 2400 gtgctgatgt agcttttctg taatagtaag ttttttttca ggacaaggtg attaagttta 2460 cctctgtgaa agccatactc tggtcgaatc caacgctgat cttacttgag aggatcactg 2520 ttgtaatgaa agaagcaatg aagattattc cctgaaaata ttaaaaataa ttaataacta 2580 cgtatcgcac tacgcaatgc agatctgggc ttcagataca ctgctcagtg atgctcccac 2640 tagggtttac atcaagccac gtccaagccg tggactatgg ccggtaatcc attcgcggaa 2700 tatttcgttt cttaattgaa actgtgtgaa cctagtgggg aggcagggcg tgaacttgtg 2760 atttcgttat tgctagcggc aatcactacc tgctgagcta ttcccgctta gtttaattca 2820 acttactgtg ataatacgag tcattctgtg catcaggaac ggagctactt gaaagtggaa 2880 gaattgtgtc ataaaagtgt ctgtcgccct ctgacgacca ataaggtaag cacccaaaag 2940 atccttgatt tgatatggga aaaagaactc tggttttcca ttgagctccc tttgagtgtc 3000 ccatacgaaa agtgcaagga aaattgtgca atgtaagacc acatcaataa gaacagcaag 3060 accggcgtag agacaaaatg ttcggattgc aggcaaatct gtgaatccac ctgtaaacca 3120 agattttaaa tttggtacga tattttaaca tttttatatt tcttaccaat gaaaaagctg 3180 aaagcacatc ccaacgagct actgaacata gctggcatag ttccagccat gaccattccc 3240 acgatctctg gacattggtc gggggacatg taaggcatgg agactctttg ttgagcgtag 3300 tacttaacaa ccatgaatgt acgacagacg cctagcaacg tcacaacgaa gaattgtacg 3360 accaacgcat ttttgaccgg atggattcca aacatggaga aaattcccca cgagcagaac 3420 gaactgagca agtttatgat gacgctcagc attccaagac agattcgaga atgtaccaga 3480 attgaccaaa gctgattctc acacacaaag taacgcccga gagagaatgt aacataaccg 3540 atgagaaaag ccagagcaat cacaacagtc acaatttcat cctttgcgtc gttttcaatc 3600 tcatcagtga tcgacctttc tgccataaac gagaaaatca ctttcggaga cttttctctg 3660 tactctttgc agaacttcaa aaactccttc tcccaaagtt ctgctttttg aatctccggc 3720 tcagttctct gtgtgaccag gatagtcatc atgatcgagt tggcagcttg atgattcgta 3780 ctatttttgc cgaagaccat gttaggagca gatggtccac cgtatgttcc catgcagctc 3840 aggccggact ttgttttttg ggacattggt tgactgtaat agatatgaat aataattatt 3900 gttattctat ttttatgttc atttttcttt ttgaaaacat tgtttcacta actctataca 3960 tgctgccatg tgattcatcc attcatctgt tgttgcttcc gatgagaaat aatcaaacgc 4020 gtcatcatct tcggaaaccg tttcttcttt gttcgatttc atatccagat gctctttgtt 4080 cccctgtaaa atgaacaact ttgcactcaa caagactaca gtatagttaa acatacttga 4140 aaatagttcg ttggagacat aatcaaacaa tcatatcctg gtcccatagg tcgataacat 4200 acatcatcaa gtgtgattgt ccgaccatca gagtcttgcg ttgatatatt tttgatggca 4260 tttaaaatat cgaaaagctc ctcaaaaatg tccttgtgga atactggtcc ataaagcttc 4320 ccgctcgatt ggaaatcgcg gtgacttagc aacataattt gctgatatct ctgtgggcgt 4380 ctaaatttat attacagttt ttagtacgaa gttgaaggta gatgtcgtgg tgctaaaacg 4440 acaaaaatat catagttaaa cttttcaaaa ttgtttgaaa aattttaatt gaaaatcaaa 4500 aagtggtcat tttaacacca cagcagtggt ttataacaac ttcaaaactg gtgctactga 4560 aaagcttacc caaagttggc attgaaaacc atctcttctt gtcgagccct ggatctcgga 4620 gaagaccaca tatcaacaac atttgtcgac tctttgtgat aaatcattcc tggcaagcag 4680 aaaatcagaa cggcacatcc tatgaaaaag tgagactttg gattgcgtcc cgccatcatt 4740 ccaatatctc gagcattgtt ctccatgaag ttgtgaatcc aggcaccggt ccgtttgatt 4800 ctgttccgtt tcggggattc ttctccagat tgtgtttgcc tcaagttctg aaatatgcct 4860 ttttactttt ttttttcaag tattgatttt tcaatgtcca accgtgtagt cttcgtcata 4920 tgatgtgaat acaaatccaa cacaaagaag cacggcaagt gagccgatga aggcgagcat 4980 gacaaaaatg ttcaggcagg cgatgccatg aacattgcaa gtttgctgaa attgaaattt 5040 ttttttctca attttctagg tggcgagact caaaaacttt attaaaacat cacgatgttt 5100 ctcaattatt tcaaatccaa ataattcttg tgtttattct gtgttatttg ttgttgactt 5160 tctgtttcgc cgactctgtt ttttccccag caaccattct ctgaccatta tccgtcccac 5220 acaataccta cattgcccta cgcatcaacg tcatgttaac tccattttgc acaaaagaga 5280 gtccacaaat gagtaacaaa accaatttgc gaaacgatca aacattttct atgagctaag 5340 taacagaaaa ctgttttaaa tgaactatga ccaaaaacct ggaatgtgtg ttgccgtgaa 5400 gcaccgacaa acaagttatt gcaacagtaa agttactgtt caagcacctt ttctatttac 5460 actggtttat tgattattgg aaactacgat tattgagact atatttgagg ttatagtcat 5520 agccatcatt ttttaatctt gttttattat atttgcacaa gacatgggaa cggagtttgt 5580 gcttgttttt acaaactatg gaaatacgaa ctttgagaat aacttttcaa ttttttaaga 5640 tcttagatcc cttaccccag aagtttttcc atcgtccagg tcgatcaagt ttgcgtactc 5700 ttccttgttg cactctgacg ttgaacaagc cggccagccg actcgagctg atttgtcgca 5760 cccagtaaag ttgacattca tgtacgttga acgatccgat ggaggtgtct gaatgagtca 5820 gggtttttac gaaaaattga agtagtacta ataccttgat agggtcatag agaaggaact 5880 tgtgtggatt ggaatattga gatctagatt ttgagttcca ataaattcca accaatttgt 5940 caaagtacac ggagtagaag tacacatgac tcgtaatgca ggctgccctc caaaagttac 6000 atctttacaa gacgagaaca ttccctcagc aaaatcagta gacaatctgt actcgactgt 6060 attcacgtat gcctcagctg gttggtactc tggggtgaat ccctctttct tctcgattgg 6120 tttcatttcg gagatctgaa aaaaaactat tcattttttt tccaaaaaat catatttgcg 6180 tatgtattca tgacgttatc agcgtgagtt gtctactgac tcacacatgc atagttagag 6240 gtcgcttatc agaaacgata taatatgcgt acttcaacgt ttctattgtc gccctattaa 6300 tcagtaatca gctcaaacgt tgcaaaaatg aaacagtcag aaaaaaatca ttaaaaaatg 6360 gataaattat taacagaaca cactgaccga tacaaaatcc tgttgattcg ggctgcacgt 6420 aaattcgcac cacaatttgg caaagttgtc gaagcacgac ggacatcgtc ccagaatatg 6480 tcgggcttgt gcaatttgct tagtcagtcc ttccgcttgc gatggcgtac agcagagttt 6540 gttgtcacct gaaaagtgtt ccattgatat cacacaactt tcgctttttt cgattagaga 6600 gggagcaatg agtcacaata atttcggaag cgttttgacg gatgtgtaag ctacgatgtt 6660 tttttttgta gtgcgcttgt ttccggatta tttgcgttgc tttagtggtt attttcggta 6720 cagaaaaagt gtaaaaattt aaaaactagt cggattatgg aaattggaaa attttagttt 6780 gaaaatagcg aaataaaaat tttataaaat gttttaacca agttttacaa caaaataagg 6840 ccgaatttca ttttcagaaa aaagttctca atacatattt aaattttgaa taactctact 6900 aaattttgct taaaattttc atttttaact tgcttgtgtt gcaagagctg cttttttcac 6960 aaattcatta ttaccttttt tacattttcg ggattttata tactttccag agataggtta 7020 ccaaatttgg aataaaccat ccattggcat ttaaaggtgg agtatggcca gttggaaatt 7080 tttgaaaagc ctttgtaaaa ttttaaaacg gctaaatatc ataaaaaaat cttttcaaac 7140 attttaaaaa taatttttat ttcgagtgaa aatgtggtaa aatctgagtt tgagagatct 7200 aaaattgttt ttttgatcga ccacttccaa aaaattgaca aaatctgaaa cttcatcgct 7260 ttttggtttg aaatgaaaaa ttttccaaaa tcttttcaaa atgtttatta tgatatttgg 7320 ttatttttag cgccatggaa attttcattt ttttaaaatc atttcccaac tgaacacaca 7380 cctattaaaa cagcaaagtc aaaaacttac cagttagcaa atgggggcaa aactcgacca 7440 ttttctcata tgccggatga gttttgtcaa aagctgtggg ctccacatta gtatcgttgg 7500 taacacatgg tccatatgca ttttcagtat gcttctggca caatcctcgc atgatacatc 7560 ccgcgtcgcc atgatggaat atagacccaa atagcaagca aaaaatgagt agttgtttca 7620 tttcttgtgc atcgactgaa acatacgggg tatgtaagaa tgtaaaacag actgttggcg 7680 agggcggcgg cactttggct ccgcctcttc gaacacaagc acacggttca atgaaactac 7740 tgaattattg accgggaggt tagacgtagg gcgagagaga gagaaagaaa ataaatcgag 7800 aggtcgagaa aaagcatcag gatggtcaca cgttttctga ctcatcccca gtcagaaaac 7860 gtgcaaatgt ggtctgtaca aaagtaaact tctagaagga gaaacgctac tttatttcaa 7920 acgagaaaca caataaaaaa ccagtgtttg tcatggagct ccattgaaaa tgtttgcgca 7980 tgaactcgag tcagagagag tctatctcaa attttttcac atctgtgatt ttagaaatgt 8040 gtcatatttt agtagtttaa aaaatatatt cattaattga aaacaggaaa aaacctctag 8100 aagtacataa aagttggatg caaaacacaa aaaccaagct gtgggtcgag cctatttcga 8160 taatttttat tcttggctgt gctagtttag atttgaatac tgcgctgata ttccaaaaca 8220 ggcaccaaaa tttttaatga tcagaatttt ttaacttttt gaatagtgag cagttaaaca 8280 ctaatttaca ttggagatat aaccactgct gccaaaatga cgtggcaaaa aattgaattt 8340 taaaaacaaa acaccaaatg tgacttccat atgactgctg tattcatatt gtgaaacttt 8400 gatttttagg agttgatttc tctcactcgt aaactatttt tttctgtgtg aagaagctgc 8460 tgatgtaagg catttttagc tggttgttgg ctaatttttt tcagccttat cagtgcactg 8520 ataaaaatca aaaatgaagt ggaatatcag gttgtccaaa ttagtctatt gtttctgttt 8580 ctgtttcaaa cacggaaaac gaaaacgtgt gataatgaag caaactgaaa aaagaacaac 8640 gatcgtaaaa cgttttggtc atttttttta aaagaattta tgaatcatga tatattcaat 8700 ttttacactt tttagcacct cgttattctt ttttttgttt tgagtcacaa taaaaaatcg 8760 tttggaaaat agaaataatg aaaaacggca ggaaaatgaa aacaaaagtg aagcttgagg 8820 gtccttatga gcaaaatatg taagcgtctc caatttccct gacgacggag ccacgtgaaa 8880 ctattggaaa tttagcttct agaaatttca aaatgggtta gtgagtgact ggacttgtta 8940 aattggtagg gctagtaggg ggcgagtaaa gggcgactgg gggcgacatc ggacaacatc 9000 tgggggagag gtaggaataa tgaacacccg ctacttgtcc ggtgttgtcc catattgccc 9060 gcagtcgcct actacatgta cgctcttttc cagttgtccc ttactctttg ttgtttcagg 9120 ccagtatctg actttactct cagaaatatt gtttttaacc tgtacaagaa accaaaaaga 9180 ccgactagca aaattacaat caaagaacgt cttcaaaatt gataagattg caagaattct 9240 catctatttt tcattttgac cgtgagaatg aatgtgtttt gaattacaac tacgcaaaat 9300 tcttgaaaaa aagaaaattg gcaggaacag atttaaatat tggaaaatat ggcacaaaaa 9360 gacaaaaaaa aacgaggtga gagggaaatg gcatgacaac gggacttggc agcgatgctt 9420 tccggaaaga acaaagctag aaatgtcatc acttcacaac gagtacaaag tccaaaagtg 9480 taggtgtact ggaattgctg aagaggtgaa atgtataggt gtacaataag aatattgggt 9540 tgcaccctat gctcattttt ccaatttttc aagtgacaca caaatggaaa tgtatattaa 9600 ccggatatgg aacggactgt caagccggat attagacttc ctatagactt ccgaaaaagg 9660 ccaaacaaat tgttggaaac tgaatggtca gaataattag aatgaataat gaatattggt 9720 tagttgcatc caacccacgg acttttagaa aattagtcaa aaagtcacaa aacaataaat 9780 tagaacaggt gatcgtgtga aacacgatga gaaaattgaa gatggaatga agttttgtga 9840 gcacaaggaa caataaactc taactgcata ctttcatgag tgaaaaggtc taaaatattt 9900 attaaaaacc gtatttcttc aggagagtgg gaaaaaattg ttttatcagt ttccctctaa 9960 ttaaacaaaa aacttctaat ttaaacataa atcaagtgca ttctgatttc taaaaactga 10020 atatcaaaag atatattccc cctgctaaaa aaaaacaaaa caaaatgaaa aaagcaatat 10080 cgtcaagttg aaataaaaca gaatgtctca aaaaaagaaa acgaaaaatt gagccaaatg 10140 acgtgtttac tatatttcaa tttacacgtc agactacagt atctagagta ttcaattaac 10200 tgtctatgtt ttttttctag aatttccgac tgtattattt tgattttctt tgtgaatgaa 10260 cttagacgta gtaaactaga aaaaaatagt aaactagagc acgctatgag ggacacagtc 10320 catttcgtac aatatatgtt atgttaaaca tatatgttaa aaaatatgta tataaattgt 10380 gcaccatgaa aaataactag gaaagtaata gaacatcgcc gtgctcatta aatttgagct 10440 ctaaagaatg aaatagggct tcttgcaaag gcttcaaaga tttttaattt taaaagctat 10500 ctttgagcaa taacaaaata taccaattac aaataaaaaa caaaacaact tctcaaaaac 10560 cggcgtgttt ttaggatgct cactatctta atgcactact agttgtttta tacaacgcgc 10620 tcaaaactcg ctgcagaaaa aaagtgctcg gatttgtggt gcgtgaaacc ataaaaatac 10680 acttgcaggt cgttttcatg agaagactgc gagacgagag aataggggca attgaacggc 10740 gtcatacgaa aatcaggtca aaatttggtt gactctcaca aaagaaattc tttactgcat 10800 tgttccaatg tttttcatga tacacttttg tcgagaccta cggttttgca aaactttgat 10860 ttttattcag agaatttttt ctagagtttg aaaaatgttt aaaaaaaggt acctagaaaa 10920 ataaaatata attattcata taaatcgaaa taataatagt agtttagaat ttgttgacaa 10980 aaagccattt ttaaagtttc tcaaaacttt tttaaattat atgttttgga aaaggttaat 11040 atcacgtttt tcaagtgtaa ctaacaaagg aagtgtttta gatttttttt ctggaatatt 11100 ccaaaaaaac ctatcatttg aaaaataacc gttgcaatag gtgacggcaa aagtagctgt 11160 ggaagagaat ttcgtactag gagcaaacct atccaagatc atttcattgc atttttcatt 11220 tctttcgagg tttgtataaa attattccaa agatgttttt tgcgaataaa aaaatgtttt 11280 caagagtata taggggtaga attagtttcg atgctttttg gtaagttatg tattcattta 11340 ttaaattttg taaagatcag aagatttttc acccaactca atacaacatt ttccagattt 11400 tgctttctga ataaactaat tttctaaaaa agcttccaga atgtctaaaa acattaaaa 11459 8 4371 DNA Caenorhabditis elegans CDS (1)..(3891) 8 atg aaa caa cta ctc att ttt tgc ttg cta ttt ggg tct ata ttc cat 48 Met Lys Gln Leu Leu Ile Phe Cys Leu Leu Phe Gly Ser Ile Phe His 1 5 10 15 cat ggc gac gcg gga tgt atc atg cga gga ttg tgc cag aag cat act 96 His Gly Asp Ala Gly Cys Ile Met Arg Gly Leu Cys Gln Lys His Thr 20 25 30 gaa aat gca tat gga cca tgt gtt acc aac gat act aat gtg gag ccc 144 Glu Asn Ala Tyr Gly Pro Cys Val Thr Asn Asp Thr Asn Val Glu Pro 35 40 45 aca gct ttt gac aaa act cat ccg gca tat gag aaa atg gtc gag ttt 192 Thr Ala Phe Asp Lys Thr His Pro Ala Tyr Glu Lys Met Val Glu Phe 50 55 60 tgc ccc cat ttg cta act ggt gac aac aaa ctc tgc tgt acg cca tcg 240 Cys Pro His Leu Leu Thr Gly Asp Asn Lys Leu Cys Cys Thr Pro Ser 65 70 75 80 caa gcg gaa gga ctg act aag caa att gca caa gcc cga cat att ctg 288 Gln Ala Glu Gly Leu Thr Lys Gln Ile Ala Gln Ala Arg His Ile Leu 85 90 95 gga cga tgt ccg tcg tgc ttc gac aac ttt gcc aaa ttg tgg tgc gaa 336 Gly Arg Cys Pro Ser Cys Phe Asp Asn Phe Ala Lys Leu Trp Cys Glu 100 105 110 ttt acg tgc agc ccg aat caa cag gat ttt gta tcg atc tcc gaa atg 384 Phe Thr Cys Ser Pro Asn Gln Gln Asp Phe Val Ser Ile Ser Glu Met 115 120 125 aaa cca atc gag aag aaa gag gga ttc acc cca gag tac caa cca gct 432 Lys Pro Ile Glu Lys Lys Glu Gly Phe Thr Pro Glu Tyr Gln Pro Ala 130 135 140 gag gca tac gtg aat aca gtc gag tac aga ttg tct act gat ttt gct 480 Glu Ala Tyr Val Asn Thr Val Glu Tyr Arg Leu Ser Thr Asp Phe Ala 145 150 155 160 gag gga atg ttc tcg tct tgt aaa gat gta act ttt gga ggg cag cct 528 Glu Gly Met Phe Ser Ser Cys Lys Asp Val Thr Phe Gly Gly Gln Pro 165 170 175 gca tta cga gtc atg tgt act tct act ccg tgt act ttg aca aat tgg 576 Ala Leu Arg Val Met Cys Thr Ser Thr Pro Cys Thr Leu Thr Asn Trp 180 185 190 ttg gaa ttt att gga act caa aat cta gat ctc aat att cca atc cac 624 Leu Glu Phe Ile Gly Thr Gln Asn Leu Asp Leu Asn Ile Pro Ile His 195 200 205 aca aag ttc ctt ctc tat gac cct atc aag aca cct cca tcg gat cgt 672 Thr Lys Phe Leu Leu Tyr Asp Pro Ile Lys Thr Pro Pro Ser Asp Arg 210 215 220 tca acg tac atg aat gtc aac ttt act ggg tgc gac aaa tca gct cga 720 Ser Thr Tyr Met Asn Val Asn Phe Thr Gly Cys Asp Lys Ser Ala Arg 225 230 235 240 gtc ggc tgg ccg gct tgt tca acg tca gag tgc aac aag gaa gag tac 768 Val Gly Trp Pro Ala Cys Ser Thr Ser Glu Cys Asn Lys Glu Glu Tyr 245 250 255 gca aac ttg atc gac ctg gac gat gga aaa act tct ggg caa act tgc 816 Ala Asn Leu Ile Asp Leu Asp Asp Gly Lys Thr Ser Gly Gln Thr Cys 260 265 270 aat gtt cat ggc atc gcc tgc ctg aac att ttt gtc atg ctc gcc ttc 864 Asn Val His Gly Ile Ala Cys Leu Asn Ile Phe Val Met Leu Ala Phe 275 280 285 atc ggc tca ctt gcc gtg ctt ctt tgt gtt gga ttt gta ttc aca tca 912 Ile Gly Ser Leu Ala Val Leu Leu Cys Val Gly Phe Val Phe Thr Ser 290 295 300 tat gac gaa gac tac acg aac ttg agg caa aca caa tct gga gaa gaa 960 Tyr Asp Glu Asp Tyr Thr Asn Leu Arg Gln Thr Gln Ser Gly Glu Glu 305 310 315 320 tcc ccg aaa cgg aac aga atc aaa cgg acc ggt gcc tgg att cac aac 1008 Ser Pro Lys Arg Asn Arg Ile Lys Arg Thr Gly Ala Trp Ile His Asn 325 330 335 ttc atg gag aac aat gct cga gat att gga atg atg gcg gga cgc aat 1056 Phe Met Glu Asn Asn Ala Arg Asp Ile Gly Met Met Ala Gly Arg Asn 340 345 350 cca aag tct cac ttt ttc ata gga tgt gcc gtt ctg att ttc tgc ttg 1104 Pro Lys Ser His Phe Phe Ile Gly Cys Ala Val Leu Ile Phe Cys Leu 355 360 365 cca gga atg att tat cac aaa gag tcg aca aat gtt gtt gat atg tgg 1152 Pro Gly Met Ile Tyr His Lys Glu Ser Thr Asn Val Val Asp Met Trp 370 375 380 tct tct ccg aga tcc agg gct cga caa gaa gag atg gtt ttc aat gcc 1200 Ser Ser Pro Arg Ser Arg Ala Arg Gln Glu Glu Met Val Phe Asn Ala 385 390 395 400 aac ttt gga cgc cca cag aga tat cag caa att atg ttg cta agt cac 1248 Asn Phe Gly Arg Pro Gln Arg Tyr Gln Gln Ile Met Leu Leu Ser His 405 410 415 cgc gat ttc caa tcg agc ggg aag ctt tat gga cca gta ttc cac aag 1296 Arg Asp Phe Gln Ser Ser Gly Lys Leu Tyr Gly Pro Val Phe His Lys 420 425 430 gac att ttt gag gag ctt ttc gat att tta aat gcc atc aaa aat ata 1344 Asp Ile Phe Glu Glu Leu Phe Asp Ile Leu Asn Ala Ile Lys Asn Ile 435 440 445 tca acg caa gac tct gat ggt cgg aca atc aca ctt gat gat gta tgt 1392 Ser Thr Gln Asp Ser Asp Gly Arg Thr Ile Thr Leu Asp Asp Val Cys 450 455 460 tat cga cct atg gga cca gga tat gat tgt ttg att atg tct cca acg 1440 Tyr Arg Pro Met Gly Pro Gly Tyr Asp Cys Leu Ile Met Ser Pro Thr 465 470 475 480 aac tat ttt caa ggg aac aaa gag cat ctg gat atg aaa tcg aac aaa 1488 Asn Tyr Phe Gln Gly Asn Lys Glu His Leu Asp Met Lys Ser Asn Lys 485 490 495 gaa gaa acg gtt tcc gaa gat gat gac gcg ttt gat tat ttc tca tcg 1536 Glu Glu Thr Val Ser Glu Asp Asp Asp Ala Phe Asp Tyr Phe Ser Ser 500 505 510 gaa gca aca aca gat gaa tgg atg aat cac atg gca gca tgt ata gat 1584 Glu Ala Thr Thr Asp Glu Trp Met Asn His Met Ala Ala Cys Ile Asp 515 520 525 caa cca atg tcc caa aaa aca aag tcc ggc ctg agc tgc atg gga aca 1632 Gln Pro Met Ser Gln Lys Thr Lys Ser Gly Leu Ser Cys Met Gly Thr 530 535 540 tac ggt gga cca tct gct cct aac atg gtc ttc ggc aaa aat agt acg 1680 Tyr Gly Gly Pro Ser Ala Pro Asn Met Val Phe Gly Lys Asn Ser Thr 545 550 555 560 aat cat caa gct gcc aac tcg atc atg atg act atc ctg gtc aca cag 1728 Asn His Gln Ala Ala Asn Ser Ile Met Met Thr Ile Leu Val Thr Gln 565 570 575 aga act gag ccg gag att caa aaa gca gaa ctt tgg gag aag gag ttt 1776 Arg Thr Glu Pro Glu Ile Gln Lys Ala Glu Leu Trp Glu Lys Glu Phe 580 585 590 ttg aag ttc tgc aaa gag tac aga gaa aag tct ccg aaa gtg att ttc 1824 Leu Lys Phe Cys Lys Glu Tyr Arg Glu Lys Ser Pro Lys Val Ile Phe 595 600 605 tcg ttt atg gca gaa agg tcg atc act gat gag att gaa aac gac gca 1872 Ser Phe Met Ala Glu Arg Ser Ile Thr Asp Glu Ile Glu Asn Asp Ala 610 615 620 aag gat gaa att gtg act gtt gtg att gct ctg gct ttt ctc atc ggt 1920 Lys Asp Glu Ile Val Thr Val Val Ile Ala Leu Ala Phe Leu Ile Gly 625 630 635 640 tat gtt aca ttc tct ctc ggg cgt tac ttt gtg tgt gag aat cag ctt 1968 Tyr Val Thr Phe Ser Leu Gly Arg Tyr Phe Val Cys Glu Asn Gln Leu 645 650 655 tgg tca att ctg gta cat tct cgt gga ttc aca gat ttg cct gca atc 2016 Trp Ser Ile Leu Val His Ser Arg Gly Phe Thr Asp Leu Pro Ala Ile 660 665 670 cga aca ttt tgt ctc tac gcc ggt ctt gct gtt ctt att gat gtg gtc 2064 Arg Thr Phe Cys Leu Tyr Ala Gly Leu Ala Val Leu Ile Asp Val Val 675 680 685 tta cat tgc aca att ttc ctt gca ctt ttc gta tgg gac act caa agg 2112 Leu His Cys Thr Ile Phe Leu Ala Leu Phe Val Trp Asp Thr Gln Arg 690 695 700 gag ctc aat gga aaa cca gag ttc ttt ttc cca tat caa atc aag gat 2160 Glu Leu Asn Gly Lys Pro Glu Phe Phe Phe Pro Tyr Gln Ile Lys Asp 705 710 715 720 ctt ttg ggt gct tac ctt att ggt cgt cag agg gcg aca gac act ttt 2208 Leu Leu Gly Ala Tyr Leu Ile Gly Arg Gln Arg Ala Thr Asp Thr Phe 725 730 735 atg aca caa ttc ttc cac ttt caa gta gct ccg ttc ctg atg cac aga 2256 Met Thr Gln Phe Phe His Phe Gln Val Ala Pro Phe Leu Met His Arg 740 745 750 atg act cgt att atc aca gga ata atc ttc att gct tct ttc att aca 2304 Met Thr Arg Ile Ile Thr Gly Ile Ile Phe Ile Ala Ser Phe Ile Thr 755 760 765 aca gtg atc ctc tca agt aag atc agc gtt gga ttc gac cag agt atg 2352 Thr Val Ile Leu Ser Ser Lys Ile Ser Val Gly Phe Asp Gln Ser Met 770 775 780 gct ttc aca gag aaa agc tac atc agc acg cac ttt cga tat ctc gac 2400 Ala Phe Thr Glu Lys Ser Tyr Ile Ser Thr His Phe Arg Tyr Leu Asp 785 790 795 800 aaa ttt ttt gac gtg gga ccg cca gtg ttt ttc act gtt gac gga gaa 2448 Lys Phe Phe Asp Val Gly Pro Pro Val Phe Phe Thr Val Asp Gly Glu 805 810 815 ctt gat tgg cac aga cca gat gtt cag aac aag ttt tgt aca ttt cct 2496 Leu Asp Trp His Arg Pro Asp Val Gln Asn Lys Phe Cys Thr Phe Pro 820 825 830 ggg tgt agc gac act tcg ttt gga aac att atg aat tac gca gtt gga 2544 Gly Cys Ser Asp Thr Ser Phe Gly Asn Ile Met Asn Tyr Ala Val Gly 835 840 845 cac acg gag cag acg tac ttg tcc ggt gaa atg tat aac tgg att gac 2592 His Thr Glu Gln Thr Tyr Leu Ser Gly Glu Met Tyr Asn Trp Ile Asp 850 855 860 aac tat ctg gaa tgg att tca aga aaa agc cca tgt tgt aaa gtt tat 2640 Asn Tyr Leu Glu Trp Ile Ser Arg Lys Ser Pro Cys Cys Lys Val Tyr 865 870 875 880 gtg cac gac ccc aac aca ttc tgc tcg aca aac cgg aac aag agt gcg 2688 Val His Asp Pro Asn Thr Phe Cys Ser Thr Asn Arg Asn Lys Ser Ala 885 890 895 tta gac gat aag gca tgt aga act tgc atg gac ttt gat ggc cgt gct 2736 Leu Asp Asp Lys Ala Cys Arg Thr Cys Met Asp Phe Asp Gly Arg Ala 900 905 910 tca ttc aaa gat gca atc agc ttc aca tct aga gga cgt att caa gca 2784 Ser Phe Lys Asp Ala Ile Ser Phe Thr Ser Arg Gly Arg Ile Gln Ala 915 920 925 tct caa ttc atg act ttc cac aaa aag ctg tca att agc aac tcc agt 2832 Ser Gln Phe Met Thr Phe His Lys Lys Leu Ser Ile Ser Asn Ser Ser 930 935 940 gat ttc atc aag gca atg gac act gct cga atg gta tcc cgt cgc ctt 2880 Asp Phe Ile Lys Ala Met Asp Thr Ala Arg Met Val Ser Arg Arg Leu 945 950 955 960 gaa aga tca att gac gat aca gct cac gtc ttc gca tac agc aaa att 2928 Glu Arg Ser Ile Asp Asp Thr Ala His Val Phe Ala Tyr Ser Lys Ile 965 970 975 ttc cca ttc tac gaa cag tac tct act atc atg cca att ctc act acc 2976 Phe Pro Phe Tyr Glu Gln Tyr Ser Thr Ile Met Pro Ile Leu Thr Thr 980 985 990 caa ctt ttt atc act gtt gtt ggc gtc ttc ggc atc att tgt gtt act 3024 Gln Leu Phe Ile Thr Val Val Gly Val Phe Gly Ile Ile Cys Val Thr 995 1000 1005 ctt ggg att gat gtg aaa gga gcg gct tgc gct gta att tgt caa gtg 3072 Leu Gly Ile Asp Val Lys Gly Ala Ala Cys Ala Val Ile Cys Gln Val 1010 1015 1020 tcc aac tac ttc cat att gtg tcg tct gga att cta atc gag ttt tct 3120 Ser Asn Tyr Phe His Ile Val Ser Ser Gly Ile Leu Ile Glu Phe Ser 1025 1030 1035 1040 gta aat gtt ctc aaa gga tac gcc tgc tca ctt cgc cag cga gca aaa 3168 Val Asn Val Leu Lys Gly Tyr Ala Cys Ser Leu Arg Gln Arg Ala Lys 1045 1050 1055 gat cgc gca gag tct acg gtt gga agt att gga cca atc att ctc tcc 3216 Asp Arg Ala Glu Ser Thr Val Gly Ser Ile Gly Pro Ile Ile Leu Ser 1060 1065 1070 ggc cca gtt gtc act atg gct gga tct aca atg ttt ctc tcg ggg gct 3264 Gly Pro Val Val Thr Met Ala Gly Ser Thr Met Phe Leu Ser Gly Ala 1075 1080 1085 cat ctt cag att ata acg gtc tac ttt ttc aaa ttg ttc ctc atc act 3312 His Leu Gln Ile Ile Thr Val Tyr Phe Phe Lys Leu Phe Leu Ile Thr 1090 1095 1100 att gtc agc agt gct gtc cat gct ctc atc ata ttg cct att ttg ctt 3360 Ile Val Ser Ser Ala Val His Ala Leu Ile Ile Leu Pro Ile Leu Leu 1105 1110 1115 1120 gcc ttc gga gga tcg aga ggc cat gga agt tca gag act agc acg aat 3408 Ala Phe Gly Gly Ser Arg Gly His Gly Ser Ser Glu Thr Ser Thr Asn 1125 1130 1135 gac aat gac gag caa cat gac gcg tgc gtt ttg tcg cca acc gcg gaa 3456 Asp Asn Asp Glu Gln His Asp Ala Cys Val Leu Ser Pro Thr Ala Glu 1140 1145 1150 agt cat att tca aac gtg gaa gaa gga atc ctt aac cgt cct tct tta 3504 Ser His Ile Ser Asn Val Glu Glu Gly Ile Leu Asn Arg Pro Ser Leu 1155 1160 1165 ctg gac gcc agc cac att ctc gat ccg ctt ctt aaa gcg gaa ggt ggg 3552 Leu Asp Ala Ser His Ile Leu Asp Pro Leu Leu Lys Ala Glu Gly Gly 1170 1175 1180 att gat aaa gca att ggt agg gat ttc aaa tat cat aac aat cga tcg 3600 Ile Asp Lys Ala Ile Gly Arg Asp Phe Lys Tyr His Asn Asn Arg Ser 1185 1190 1195 1200 ctc tta ccc atc tac gcc atc ttc act gcc atg tac ctc ccg aat gcc 3648 Leu Leu Pro Ile Tyr Ala Ile Phe Thr Ala Met Tyr Leu Pro Asn Ala 1205 1210 1215 aag agc tca tat aga acc gga tct ccg atc ttt gta gat acc gat tta 3696 Lys Ser Ser Tyr Arg Thr Gly Ser Pro Ile Phe Val Asp Thr Asp Leu 1220 1225 1230 ctc ttc act tat tct att cca tac att cac ttt gtt att tcc gtg tca 3744 Leu Phe Thr Tyr Ser Ile Pro Tyr Ile His Phe Val Ile Ser Val Ser 1235 1240 1245 ttt atc aaa tgc cat gta ttg tac att tat gcg gca aca ata ggt act 3792 Phe Ile Lys Cys His Val Leu Tyr Ile Tyr Ala Ala Thr Ile Gly Thr 1250 1255 1260 ctt gtt gtt ttt tgt cac ttc tca tac act tct cat cca ctc att aaa 3840 Leu Val Val Phe Cys His Phe Ser Tyr Thr Ser His Pro Leu Ile Lys 1265 1270 1275 1280 act tta tca tat ttt cat tac tct caa ctt ccc tgt ggt aag cta acg 3888 Thr Leu Ser Tyr Phe His Tyr Ser Gln Leu Pro Cys Gly Lys Leu Thr 1285 1290 1295 tag gcatttatgt atatctttaa tatccccgtc aatgccttgt ctgcaacaaa 3941 tcttgtaatg ttacgtggcc aactcgtacc cgaaaagctc aatcatgtac catcgtccgt 4001 caatcgaagt tttctaccgt catctgagac actttttaga agacactcca aattctgaat 4061 gcgttttcgg gaatctgtct tggaatgctg agcgtcatca taaacttgct cagttcgttc 4121 tgctcgtggg gaattttctc catgtttgga atccatccgg tcaaaaatgc gttggtcgta 4181 caattcttcg ttgtgacgtt gctaggcgtc tgtcgtacat tcatggttgt taagtactac 4241 gctcaacaaa gagtctccat gccttacatg tcccccgacc aatgtccaga gatcgtggga 4301 atggtcatgg ctggaactat gccagctatg ttcagtagct cgttgggatg tgctttcagc 4361 tttttcattg 4371 9 1296 PRT Caenorhabditis elegans 9 Met Lys Gln Leu Leu Ile Phe Cys Leu Leu Phe Gly Ser Ile Phe His 1 5 10 15 His Gly Asp Ala Gly Cys Ile Met Arg Gly Leu Cys Gln Lys His Thr 20 25 30 Glu Asn Ala Tyr Gly Pro Cys Val Thr Asn Asp Thr Asn Val Glu Pro 35 40 45 Thr Ala Phe Asp Lys Thr His Pro Ala Tyr Glu Lys Met Val Glu Phe 50 55 60 Cys Pro His Leu Leu Thr Gly Asp Asn Lys Leu Cys Cys Thr Pro Ser 65 70 75 80 Gln Ala Glu Gly Leu Thr Lys Gln Ile Ala Gln Ala Arg His Ile Leu 85 90 95 Gly Arg Cys Pro Ser Cys Phe Asp Asn Phe Ala Lys Leu Trp Cys Glu 100 105 110 Phe Thr Cys Ser Pro Asn Gln Gln Asp Phe Val Ser Ile Ser Glu Met 115 120 125 Lys Pro Ile Glu Lys Lys Glu Gly Phe Thr Pro Glu Tyr Gln Pro Ala 130 135 140 Glu Ala Tyr Val Asn Thr Val Glu Tyr Arg Leu Ser Thr Asp Phe Ala 145 150 155 160 Glu Gly Met Phe Ser Ser Cys Lys Asp Val Thr Phe Gly Gly Gln Pro 165 170 175 Ala Leu Arg Val Met Cys Thr Ser Thr Pro Cys Thr Leu Thr Asn Trp 180 185 190 Leu Glu Phe Ile Gly Thr Gln Asn Leu Asp Leu Asn Ile Pro Ile His 195 200 205 Thr Lys Phe Leu Leu Tyr Asp Pro Ile Lys Thr Pro Pro Ser Asp Arg 210 215 220 Ser Thr Tyr Met Asn Val Asn Phe Thr Gly Cys Asp Lys Ser Ala Arg 225 230 235 240 Val Gly Trp Pro Ala Cys Ser Thr Ser Glu Cys Asn Lys Glu Glu Tyr 245 250 255 Ala Asn Leu Ile Asp Leu Asp Asp Gly Lys Thr Ser Gly Gln Thr Cys 260 265 270 Asn Val His Gly Ile Ala Cys Leu Asn Ile Phe Val Met Leu Ala Phe 275 280 285 Ile Gly Ser Leu Ala Val Leu Leu Cys Val Gly Phe Val Phe Thr Ser 290 295 300 Tyr Asp Glu Asp Tyr Thr Asn Leu Arg Gln Thr Gln Ser Gly Glu Glu 305 310 315 320 Ser Pro Lys Arg Asn Arg Ile Lys Arg Thr Gly Ala Trp Ile His Asn 325 330 335 Phe Met Glu Asn Asn Ala Arg Asp Ile Gly Met Met Ala Gly Arg Asn 340 345 350 Pro Lys Ser His Phe Phe Ile Gly Cys Ala Val Leu Ile Phe Cys Leu 355 360 365 Pro Gly Met Ile Tyr His Lys Glu Ser Thr Asn Val Val Asp Met Trp 370 375 380 Ser Ser Pro Arg Ser Arg Ala Arg Gln Glu Glu Met Val Phe Asn Ala 385 390 395 400 Asn Phe Gly Arg Pro Gln Arg Tyr Gln Gln Ile Met Leu Leu Ser His 405 410 415 Arg Asp Phe Gln Ser Ser Gly Lys Leu Tyr Gly Pro Val Phe His Lys 420 425 430 Asp Ile Phe Glu Glu Leu Phe Asp Ile Leu Asn Ala Ile Lys Asn Ile 435 440 445 Ser Thr Gln Asp Ser Asp Gly Arg Thr Ile Thr Leu Asp Asp Val Cys 450 455 460 Tyr Arg Pro Met Gly Pro Gly Tyr Asp Cys Leu Ile Met Ser Pro Thr 465 470 475 480 Asn Tyr Phe Gln Gly Asn Lys Glu His Leu Asp Met Lys Ser Asn Lys 485 490 495 Glu Glu Thr Val Ser Glu Asp Asp Asp Ala Phe Asp Tyr Phe Ser Ser 500 505 510 Glu Ala Thr Thr Asp Glu Trp Met Asn His Met Ala Ala Cys Ile Asp 515 520 525 Gln Pro Met Ser Gln Lys Thr Lys Ser Gly Leu Ser Cys Met Gly Thr 530 535 540 Tyr Gly Gly Pro Ser Ala Pro Asn Met Val Phe Gly Lys Asn Ser Thr 545 550 555 560 Asn His Gln Ala Ala Asn Ser Ile Met Met Thr Ile Leu Val Thr Gln 565 570 575 Arg Thr Glu Pro Glu Ile Gln Lys Ala Glu Leu Trp Glu Lys Glu Phe 580 585 590 Leu Lys Phe Cys Lys Glu Tyr Arg Glu Lys Ser Pro Lys Val Ile Phe 595 600 605 Ser Phe Met Ala Glu Arg Ser Ile Thr Asp Glu Ile Glu Asn Asp Ala 610 615 620 Lys Asp Glu Ile Val Thr Val Val Ile Ala Leu Ala Phe Leu Ile Gly 625 630 635 640 Tyr Val Thr Phe Ser Leu Gly Arg Tyr Phe Val Cys Glu Asn Gln Leu 645 650 655 Trp Ser Ile Leu Val His Ser Arg Gly Phe Thr Asp Leu Pro Ala Ile 660 665 670 Arg Thr Phe Cys Leu Tyr Ala Gly Leu Ala Val Leu Ile Asp Val Val 675 680 685 Leu His Cys Thr Ile Phe Leu Ala Leu Phe Val Trp Asp Thr Gln Arg 690 695 700 Glu Leu Asn Gly Lys Pro Glu Phe Phe Phe Pro Tyr Gln Ile Lys Asp 705 710 715 720 Leu Leu Gly Ala Tyr Leu Ile Gly Arg Gln Arg Ala Thr Asp Thr Phe 725 730 735 Met Thr Gln Phe Phe His Phe Gln Val Ala Pro Phe Leu Met His Arg 740 745 750 Met Thr Arg Ile Ile Thr Gly Ile Ile Phe Ile Ala Ser Phe Ile Thr 755 760 765 Thr Val Ile Leu Ser Ser Lys Ile Ser Val Gly Phe Asp Gln Ser Met 770 775 780 Ala Phe Thr Glu Lys Ser Tyr Ile Ser Thr His Phe Arg Tyr Leu Asp 785 790 795 800 Lys Phe Phe Asp Val Gly Pro Pro Val Phe Phe Thr Val Asp Gly Glu 805 810 815 Leu Asp Trp His Arg Pro Asp Val Gln Asn Lys Phe Cys Thr Phe Pro 820 825 830 Gly Cys Ser Asp Thr Ser Phe Gly Asn Ile Met Asn Tyr Ala Val Gly 835 840 845 His Thr Glu Gln Thr Tyr Leu Ser Gly Glu Met Tyr Asn Trp Ile Asp 850 855 860 Asn Tyr Leu Glu Trp Ile Ser Arg Lys Ser Pro Cys Cys Lys Val Tyr 865 870 875 880 Val His Asp Pro Asn Thr Phe Cys Ser Thr Asn Arg Asn Lys Ser Ala 885 890 895 Leu Asp Asp Lys Ala Cys Arg Thr Cys Met Asp Phe Asp Gly Arg Ala 900 905 910 Ser Phe Lys Asp Ala Ile Ser Phe Thr Ser Arg Gly Arg Ile Gln Ala 915 920 925 Ser Gln Phe Met Thr Phe His Lys Lys Leu Ser Ile Ser Asn Ser Ser 930 935 940 Asp Phe Ile Lys Ala Met Asp Thr Ala Arg Met Val Ser Arg Arg Leu 945 950 955 960 Glu Arg Ser Ile Asp Asp Thr Ala His Val Phe Ala Tyr Ser Lys Ile 965 970 975 Phe Pro Phe Tyr Glu Gln Tyr Ser Thr Ile Met Pro Ile Leu Thr Thr 980 985 990 Gln Leu Phe Ile Thr Val Val Gly Val Phe Gly Ile Ile Cys Val Thr 995 1000 1005 Leu Gly Ile Asp Val Lys Gly Ala Ala Cys Ala Val Ile Cys Gln Val 1010 1015 1020 Ser Asn Tyr Phe His Ile Val Ser Ser Gly Ile Leu Ile Glu Phe Ser 1025 1030 1035 1040 Val Asn Val Leu Lys Gly Tyr Ala Cys Ser Leu Arg Gln Arg Ala Lys 1045 1050 1055 Asp Arg Ala Glu Ser Thr Val Gly Ser Ile Gly Pro Ile Ile Leu Ser 1060 1065 1070 Gly Pro Val Val Thr Met Ala Gly Ser Thr Met Phe Leu Ser Gly Ala 1075 1080 1085 His Leu Gln Ile Ile Thr Val Tyr Phe Phe Lys Leu Phe Leu Ile Thr 1090 1095 1100 Ile Val Ser Ser Ala Val His Ala Leu Ile Ile Leu Pro Ile Leu Leu 1105 1110 1115 1120 Ala Phe Gly Gly Ser Arg Gly His Gly Ser Ser Glu Thr Ser Thr Asn 1125 1130 1135 Asp Asn Asp Glu Gln His Asp Ala Cys Val Leu Ser Pro Thr Ala Glu 1140 1145 1150 Ser His Ile Ser Asn Val Glu Glu Gly Ile Leu Asn Arg Pro Ser Leu 1155 1160 1165 Leu Asp Ala Ser His Ile Leu Asp Pro Leu Leu Lys Ala Glu Gly Gly 1170 1175 1180 Ile Asp Lys Ala Ile Gly Arg Asp Phe Lys Tyr His Asn Asn Arg Ser 1185 1190 1195 1200 Leu Leu Pro Ile Tyr Ala Ile Phe Thr Ala Met Tyr Leu Pro Asn Ala 1205 1210 1215 Lys Ser Ser Tyr Arg Thr Gly Ser Pro Ile Phe Val Asp Thr Asp Leu 1220 1225 1230 Leu Phe Thr Tyr Ser Ile Pro Tyr Ile His Phe Val Ile Ser Val Ser 1235 1240 1245 Phe Ile Lys Cys His Val Leu Tyr Ile Tyr Ala Ala Thr Ile Gly Thr 1250 1255 1260 Leu Val Val Phe Cys His Phe Ser Tyr Thr Ser His Pro Leu Ile Lys 1265 1270 1275 1280 Thr Leu Ser Tyr Phe His Tyr Ser Gln Leu Pro Cys Gly Lys Leu Thr 1285 1290 1295 10 25 DNA Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence Primer that may be used to amplify the ORF of the human NPC1 cDNA. 10 atgaccgctc gcggcctggc ccttg 25 11 24 DNA Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence Primer that may be used to amplify the ORF of the human NPC1 cDNA. 11 gaaatttaga agccgttcgc gctc 24 12 24 DNA Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence Primer that may be used to amplify the ORF of the murine NPC1 cDNA. 12 atgggtgcgc accacccggc cctc 24 13 24 DNA Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence Primer that may be used to amplify the ORF of the murine NPC1 cDNA. 13 aaaattgagg agtcgttctc tctc 24 

1. A purified protein comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of: (a) the amino acid sequence shown in Seq. I.D. No. 2; (b) the amino acid sequence shown in Seq. I.D. No. 4; (c) amino acid sequences that differ from those specified in (a) or (b) by one or more conservative amino acid substitutions; and (d) amino acid sequences having at least 75% sequence identity to the sequences specified in (a), (b) or (c).
 2. A purified protein according to claim 1 wherein the protein has NPC1 protein biological activity.
 3. A nucleic acid molecule encoding a protein according to claim
 1. 4. A nucleic acid molecule according to claim 3 wherein the nucleic acid molecule encodes a protein having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of: (a) the amino acid sequence shown in Seq. I.D. No. 2; and (b) the amino acid sequence shown in Seq. I.D. No.
 4. 5. A nucleic acid molecule according to claim 4 wherein the nucleic acid molecule comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of: (a) the nucleotide sequence shown in Seq. I.D. No 1; and (b) the nucleotide sequence shown in Seq. I.D. No
 2. 6. An isolated nucleic acid molecule comprising a sequence selected from the group consisting of: (a) at least 15 contiguous nucleotides of the sequence shown in Seq. I.D. No. 1; (b) at least 20 contiguous nucleotides of the sequence shown in Seq. I.D. No. 1; (c) at least 30 contiguous nucleotides of the sequence shown in Seq. I.D. No. 1; and (d) at least 50 contiguous nucleotides of the sequence shown in Seq. I.D. No.
 1. 7. A recombinant vector comprising a nucleic acid molecule according to claim
 6. 8. A cell containing a recombinant vector according to claim
 7. 9. An isolated nucleic acid molecule which, when introduced into human NPC-1 fibroblast cells in vitro, reduces the accumulation of lysosomal cholesterol in said cells
 10. The nucleic acid molecule of claim 9 wherein the molecule hybridizes under stringent conditions to a nucleic acid molecule having a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of: (a) Seq. I.D. No. 1; and (b) Seq. I.D. No.
 3. 11. A recombinant vector including a nucleic acid molecule according to claim
 9. 12. A transgenic cell produced by introducing into a cell a vector according to claim
 11. 13. A purified peptide encoded by a nucleic acid molecule according to claim
 9. 14. A purified human or mouse NPC1 protein.
 15. A specific binding agent capable of specifically binding to a protein according to claim
 14. 16. The specific binding agent of claim 15 wherein the specific binding agent is selected from the group consisting of: polyclonal antibodies, monoclonal antibodies and fragments of monoclonal antibodies.
 17. An isolated nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of the sequences shown in: (a) Seq. I.D. No. 1 or its complementary strand; (b) Seq. I.D. No. 3 or its complementary strand; and (c) Sequences which hybridize under hybridization wash conditions of 0.3×SSC at 60° C. for 1 hour to a sequence defined in (a) or (b).
 18. An isolated nucleic acid molecule that encodes a protein having at least 75% amino acid sequence identity to a sequence selected from the group consisting of: (a) Seq. I.D. No. 2; and (b) Seq. I.D. No. 4, and which protein has NPC1 protein biological activity.
 19. A purified protein encoded by the nucleic acid molecule according to claim
 18. 20. An isolated nucleic acid molecule comprising a sequence selected from the group consisting of: (a) at least 15 contiguous nucleotides of the sequence shown in Seq. I.D. No. 3; (b) at least 20 contiguous nucleotides of the sequence shown in Seq. I.D. No. 3; (c) at least 30 contiguous nucleotides of the sequence shown in Seq. I.D. No. 3; and (d) at least 50 contiguous nucleotides of the sequence shown in Seq. I.D. No. 3
 21. An isolated oligonucleotide for detecting mutations in the human NPC1 gene wherein the oligonucleotide comprises at least 16 consecutive nucleotides of the sequence shown in Seq. I.D. No.
 1. 22. An oligonucleotide according to claim 21 wherein the oligonucleotide comprises at least 20 consecutive nucleotides of the sequence shown in Seq. I.D. No.
 1. 23. A method of detecting in a human subject an increased risk of developing type C Niemann-Pick disease, the method comprising: (a) detecting any nucleotide sequence differences in an NPC1 nucleotide sequence of the subject compared to the NPC1 nucleotide sequence shown in Seq. I.D. No. 1; and (b) determining whether any such sequence differences will result in the expression of an aberrant NPC1 gene product in the subject.
 24. A method of detecting an NPC1 protein in a biological sample, comprising contacting the sample with an NPC1 protein specific binding agent such that complexes form between the binding agent and NPC1 protein present in the sample, and detecting the presence of such complexes.
 25. The method of claim 24 wherein the NPC1 protein specific binding agent is an anti-NPC1 protein antibody.
 26. A method of quantifying an NPC1 protein in a biological sample, comprising contacting the sample with an NPC1 protein specific binding agent such that complexes form between the binding agent and NPC1 protein present in the sample, and quantifying the presence of such complexes.
 27. The method of claim 26 wherein the NPC1 protein specific binding agent is an anti-NPC1 protein antibody. 